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Artificial Water Reservoir-Triggered Seismicity (RTS): Most Prominent Anthropogenic Seismicity

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Abstract

Under certain suitable geological conditions, anthropogenic seismicity due to gold/coal mining, geothermal and natural gas/oil production, filling of artificial water reservoirs, and high-pressure fluid injection has been reported globally. The reservoir-triggered seismicity (RTS) is most prominent, having been reported from hundreds of with at least five sites where earthquakes exceeding M 6 occurred, claiming human lives and destruction of properties. The most important correlate for RTS to occur is the height of water column in the reservoir. Certain common characteristics of the RTS sequences have been identified, which discriminate them from normal earthquake sequences. Factors influencing RTS include the highest water levels reached in the reservoir, duration of the retention of high-water levels and rate of loading/unloading. The mechanism of RTS is reviewed. The absence of knowledge of physical properties of rocks and fluids in the fault zone does not permit us to comprehend the RTS mechanism. Koyna, India, is found to be a very suitable site for such investigations as the earthquakes have been occurring in a small region of 20 × 30 km, at shallow depths (mostly within 8 km), with no other seismic source in the vicinity, and the region being accessible for all kinds of observation and investigations. The suitability of Koyna for setting up of a deep borehole laboratory was discussed during International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP) workshop in 2011 and accepted. Suggestions were made for some additional scientific works, which were completed during 2011–2014. The second ICDP workshop in 2014 approved of going ahead. A 3-km-deep Pilot Borehole has been completed in the vicinity of Donachiwada fault that hosted the main 10 December 1967 M 6.3 earthquake and several earthquakes of M ~ 5. The investigations being carried out are providing the necessary input to set up the proposed ~ 7-km-deep borehole laboratory. In this article, an overview of RTS globally and at Koyna, India, specifically is focused.

Article Highlights

  • Global review of the reservoir-triggered seismicity (RTS) sites

  • Factors influencing RTS, their common characteristics and mechanism

  • Continued seismicity at Koyna, India, and near-field studies

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modified from Ishikawa and Oike 1982)

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Data Availability

Made use of only published data.

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Acknowledgements

Over past five decades, I have worked with several colleagues from the CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hyderabad, India, on research and field observations on triggered earthquakes, and their support is acknowledged. They are too many to be acknowledged individually. M. Uma Anuradha, Rajesh Rekapalli and Pinki Hazarika from NGRI helped in preparation of this manuscript. I thank the National Science Academy, India, for support and the Director, NGRI for hosting me and providing facilities.

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Author is supported by the National Academy of Sciences, India, and hosted at the National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India.

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Gupta, H.K. Artificial Water Reservoir-Triggered Seismicity (RTS): Most Prominent Anthropogenic Seismicity. Surv Geophys 43, 619–659 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-021-09675-z

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