Skip to main content
Log in

Alternative typologies of case study theorizing: Causal explanation versus theory development as a classification dimension

  • Commentary
  • Published:
Journal of International Business Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Ten years ago, Welch, Piekkari, Plakoyiannaki, and Paavilainen-Mäntymäki (2011) constructed a typology of theorizing from case studies based on the trade-off between causal explanation and contextualization. The typology consists of four methods of theorizing – interpretive sensemaking, contextualized explanation, inductive theory-building, and natural experiment. While Welch et al.’s work to enrich case study theorizing is commendable, the alleged trade-off between causal explanation and contextualization does not in fact exist and the classification dimension of causal explanation fails to reflect the actual practice of case researchers. I propose an alternative typology that includes theory development as a new dimension in place of causal explanation. The four revised methods of theorizing thus become interpretive sensemaking, contextualized explanation, identification of empirical regularities and theory building and testing. The alternative typology contributes to a more pluralistic methodological approach to guide case researchers.

Résumé

Il y a dix ans, Welch, Piekkari, Plakoyiannaki et Paavilainen-Mäntymäki (2011) ont construit une typologie des théorisations à partir des études de cas, laquelle se fonde sur le compromis entre l’explication causale et la contextualisation. La typologie se compose de quatre méthodes de théorisation - l’attribution de sens interprétative, l'explication contextualisée, la construction inductive de la théorie et l'expérimentation naturelle. Alors que l’œuvre de Welch et ses collègues destinée à enrichir la théorisation basée sur les études de cas est louable, le compromis supposé entre l'explication causale et la contextualisation n'existe pas en réalité, et la dimension de classification - explication causale - ne reflète pas la pratique réelle des chercheurs travaillant sur les cas. Je propose une typologie alternative qui inclut le développement de la théorie comme une nouvelle dimension à la place de l'explication causale. Les quatre méthodes révisées de théorisation deviennent ainsi l’attribution de sens interprétative, l'explication contextualisée, l'identification des régularités empiriques et la construction et la vérification de la théorie. La typologie alternative contribue à une approche méthodologique plus pluraliste pour guider les chercheurs menant les études de cas.

Resumen

Hace diez años, Welch, Piekkari, Plakoyiannaki y Paavilainen-Mäntymäki (2011) construyeron una tipología para teorizar partiendo de estudios de casos basado en llegar a un equilibro entre la explicación causal y la contextualización. La tipología consiste en cuatro métodos de teorización: la creación sentido interpretativo, la explicación contextualizada, la construcción de teoría inductiva y el experimento natural. Mientras que el trabajo de Welch y sus colaboradores para enriquecer la teorización de los estudios de caso es loable, el presunto equilibrio entre la explicación causal y la contextualización no existe de hecho y la dimensión de clasificación de la explicación causal fracasa en reflejar la práctica actual de los investigadores de casos. Propongo una tipología alternativa que incluye el desarrollo teórico como una nueva dimensión en lugar de la explicación causal. Los cuatro métodos revisados de teorización pasan a ser la creación de sensaciones interpretativas, la explicación contextualizada, la identificación de regularidades empíricas y la construcción y el poner a prueba la teoría. La tipología alternativa contribuye a un enfoque metodológico más pluralista para orientar a los investigadores de casos.

Resumo

Dez anos atrás, Welch, Piekkari, Plakoyiannaki e Paavilainen-Mäntymäki (2011) construíram uma tipologia de teorização a partir de estudos de caso baseada no trade-off entre explicação causal e contextualização. A tipologia consiste em quatro métodos de teorização - construção de sentido interpretativa, explicação contextualizada, construção de teoria indutiva e experimento natural. Embora o trabalho de Welch et al. para enriquecer a teorização de estudo de caso seja louvável, o alegado trade-off entre a explicação causal e a contextualização de fato inexiste e a dimensão de classificação de explicação causal falha em refletir a prática atual de pesquisadores de caso. Proponho uma tipologia alternativa que inclui o desenvolvimento de teoria como uma nova dimensão no lugar da explicação causal. Os quatro métodos revisados de teorização, portanto, tornam-se construção de sentido interpretativa, explicação contextualizada, identificação de regularidades empíricas e construção e teste de teoria. A tipologia alternativa contribui para uma abordagem metodológica mais pluralista para orientar os pesquisadores de caso.

摘要

十年前, Welch、Piekkari、Plakoyiannaki 和 Paavilainen-Mäntymäki (2011 年) 基于因果解释和情境化之间的权衡, 构建了从案例研究建立理论的类型学。该类型学包括四种理论化方法——阐释性意义建构、情境化解释、归纳理论建设和自然实验。 虽然 Welch 等人为丰富案例研究理论化所做的工作值得称赞, 但所谓的因果解释和情境化之间的权衡实际上并不存在, 且因果解释的分类维度未能反映案例研究人员的实际实践。 我提出一种替代类型学, 其中包括将理论发展作为替代因果解释的新维度。 四种修正的理论化方法因此成为阐释性意义建构、情境化解释、实证规律识别以及理论构建和检验。 该替代类型学有助于采用更多元的方法论途径来指导案例研究人员。

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. 1989. Managing across borders. The transnational solution. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benkhoff, B. 1997. Better performance through organizational identification: A test of outcomes and antecedents based on social identity theory. In J. Wickham (Ed.), The search for competitiveness and its implications for employment: 159–179. Dublin: Oak Tree Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brock, D. M., & Hydle, K. M. 2018. Transnationality – Sharpening the integration-responsiveness vision in global professional firms. European Management Journal, 36(1): 117–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. D. 2006. A narrative approach to collective identities. Journal of Management Studies, 43(4): 731–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Büchel, B. 2000. Framework of joint venture development: Theory-building through qualitative research. Journal of Management Studies, 37(5): 637–661.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bunge, M. 1997. Mechanism and explanation. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 27(4): 410–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M., & Nguyen, Q. T. 2019. Understanding the interaction of motivation and opportunity for tax planning inside US multinationals: A qualitative study. Journal of World Business, 54(6): 101023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Côté, L., Langley, A., & Pasquero, J. 1999. Acquisition strategy and dominant logic in an engineering firm. Journal of Management Studies, 41(8): 1325–1347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crilly, D. 2011. Predicting stakeholder orientation in the multinational enterprise: A mid-range theory. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(5): 694–717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Czarniawska, B., & Joerges, B. 1996. Travels of ideas. In B. Czarniawska, & G. Sevón (Eds.), Translating organizational change: 13–48. Berlin: de Gruyter.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dimitratos, P., Buck, T., Fletcher, M., & Li, N. 2016. The motivation of international entrepreneurship: The case of Chinese transnational entrepreneurs. International Business Review, 25(5): 1103–1113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edmonds, D., & Eidinow, J. 2001. Wittgenstein’s poker: The story of a ten-minute argument between two great philosophers. New York: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989. Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4): 532–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, T., Nummela, N., & Saarenketo, S. 2014. Dynamic capability in a small global factory. International Business Review, 23(1): 169–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faems, D., Janssens, M., Madhok, A., & van Looy, B. 2008. Toward an integrative perspective on alliance governance: Connecting contract design, trust dynamics, and contract application. Academy of Management Journal, 51(6): 1053–1078.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferner, A., Almond, P., & Colling, T. 2005. Institutional theory and the cross-national transfer of employment policy: The case of “workforce diversity” in US multinationals. Journal of International Business Studies, 36(3): 304–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerring, J. 2007. The case study: What it is and what it does. In C. Boix, & S. C. Stokes (Eds.), Oxford handbook of comparative politics: 90–122. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gifford, B., & Kestler, A. 2008. Toward a theory of local legitimacy by MNEs in developing nations: Newmont mining and health sustainable development in Peru. Journal of International Management, 14(4): 340–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harré, R. 1986. Varieties of realism: A rationale for the natural sciences. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, J., Pettigrew, A., & Ferlie, E. 2002. The determinants of research group performance: Towards mode 2? Journal of Management Studies, 39(6): 747–774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hempel, C. G. 1965. Aspects of scientific explanation. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heracleous, L., & Barrett, M. 2001. Organizational change as discourse: Communicative actions and deep structures in the context of information technology implementation. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4): 755–778.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, A. 1964. The conduct of inquiry. San Francisco, CA: Chandler Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwan, K.-M., & Tsang, E. W. K. 2001. Realism and constructivism in strategy research: A critical realist response to Mir and Watson. Strategic Management Journal, 22(12): 1163–1168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lauring, J., Andersen, P. H., Storgaard, M., & Kragh, H. 2017. Low-intensity conflict in multinational corporations. Multinational Business Review, 25(1): 11–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maguire, S., & Phillips, N. 2008. “Citibankers” at Citigroup: A study of the loss of institutional trust after a merger. Journal of Management Studies, 45(2): 372–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maitlis, S., & Lawrence, T. B. 2003. Orchestral manoeuvres in the dark: Understanding failure in organizational strategizing. Journal of Management Studies, 40(1): 109–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, K. E., & Thein, H. H. 2014. Business under adverse home country institutions: The case of international sanctions against Myanmar. Journal of World Business, 49(1): 156–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monaghan, S., & Tippmann, E. 2018. Becoming a multinational enterprise: Using industry recipes to achieve rapid multinationalization. Journal of International Business Studies, 49(4): 473–495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naraniecki, A. 2010. Neo-positivist or neo-Kantian? Karl Popper and the Vienna Circle. Philosophy, 85(334): 511–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, W., & De Cock, C. 2002. Battle in the boardroom: A discursive perspective. Journal of Management Studies, 39(1): 23–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. 1994. Toward a theory of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(1): 45–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popper, K. 2002. Unended quest. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruben, D.-H. 1990. Singular explanation and the social sciences. In D. Knowles (Ed.), Explanation and its limits: 95–117. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Runde, J., & de Rond, M. 2010. Evaluating causal explanations of specific events. Organization Studies, 31(4): 431–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sayer, A. 2000. Realism and social science. London: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Siggelkow, N. 2007. Persuasion with case studies. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1): 20–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sigmund, K. 2017. Exact thinking in demented times: The Vienna Circle and the epic quest for the foundations of science. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, P. N., & Bathini, D. R. 2019. Resistance toward dominant US work practices in emerging markets: A case study of enacting mimicry at an Indian fast-food outlet. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 15(4): 323–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tippmann, E., Scott, P. S., & Mangematin, V. 2012. Problem solving in MNCs: How local and global solutions are (and are not) created. Journal of International Business Studies, 43(8): 746–771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolich, M., Kenney, M., & Biggart, N. 1999. Managing the managers: Japanese management strategies in the USA. Journal of Management Studies, 36(5): 587–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, E. W. K. 2006. Behavioral assumptions and theory development: The case of transaction cost economics. Strategic Management Journal, 27(11): 999–1011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, E. W. K. 2013. Case study methodology: Causal explanation, contextualization, and theorizing. Journal of International Management, 19(2): 195–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, E. W. K. 2014. Generalizing from research findings: The merits of case studies. International Journal of Management Reviews, 16(4): 369–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, E. W. K. 2017. The philosophy of management research. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, E. W. K. 2021. Multi-theoretical approaches to studying international business strategy. In K. Mellahi, K. Meyer, R. Narula, I. Surdu, & A. Verbeke (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of international business strategy: 153–172. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, E. W. K., & Williams, J. N. 2012. Generalization and induction: Misconceptions, clarifications, and a classification of induction. MIS Quarterly, 36(3): 729–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vahlne, J.-E., Schweizer, R., & Johanson, J. 2012. Overcoming the liability of outsidership − The challenge of HQ of the global firm. Journal of International Management, 18(3): 224–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vanninen, H., Kuivalainen, O., & Ciravegna, L. 2017. Rapid multinationalization: Propositions for studying born micromultinationals. International Business Review, 26(2): 365–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsham, G. 1995. Interpretive case studies in IS research: Nature and method. European Journal of Information Systems, 4(2): 74–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welch, C., Piekkari, R., Plakoyiannaki, E., & Paavilainen-Mäntymäki, E. 2011. Theorising from case studies: Towards a pluralist future for international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(5): 740–762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, B., Gamble, J., Humphrey, J., Morris, J., & Anthony, D. 2001. The new international division of labour in Asian electronics: Work organization and human resources in Japan and Malaysia. Journal of Management Studies, 38(5): 675–695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, P.L.-K., & Ellis, P. 2002. Social ties and partner identification in Sino-Hong Kong international joint ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2): 265–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin, R. K. 2009. Case study research: Design and methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eric W. K. Tsang.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Accepted by Alain Verbeke, Editor-in-Chief, 04 August 2021. This paper was single-blind reviewed.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tsang, E.W.K. Alternative typologies of case study theorizing: Causal explanation versus theory development as a classification dimension. J Int Bus Stud 53, 53–63 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00477-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00477-4

Keywords

Navigation