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Investigating the effectiveness of discontinuous and layered coastal forest defense system against the inundating tsunami current

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Abstract

The tsunami mitigation strategies are shifting from single to multiple defense systems in recent times. In this study, the mitigation effects of continuous and discontinuous emergent coastal forest were investigated experimentally focused mainly on energy reduction of the inundating tsunami current under subcritical flow conditions. To improve the effectiveness of the coastal forest, a layer of short submerged trees with the varying condition of porosity (Pr = 98%, 95%, 91%, and 79%) was coupled/incorporated and tested with the tall emergent trees. The results revealed that the forest in discontinuous placement effectively produced resistance to the flow by notably increasing the backwater rise in the upstream and reducing the energy of the tsunami current in the downstream region, rather than a continuous forest belt. The incorporation of short submerged tree layer within an emergent tall tree forest further increased the flow resistance by causing a large water level difference between the upstream and downstream regions of the forest, which consequently resulted in a significant amount of energy loss i.e. 30–50% higher, in comparison to that of single layered emergent tree configuration. Moreover, the critical zone of high shear stress and large turbulence hydraulic jump formation zone was observed to significantly move in the further downstream region for discontinuous and layered tree forest configurations, that could possibly save the direct collision of water with the ground just behind the forest. The outcomes predicted by the statistical analysis approach also showed a strong inverse correlation between the energy dissipation of flow and forest porosity.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to appreciate the support of the Japanese Ministry of Education (Monbukagakusho). The authors also acknowledge the anonymous reviewers for their useful comments to improve this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan

    Naveed Anjum & Norio Tanaka

  2. International Institute for Resilient Society, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan

    Norio Tanaka

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, CECOS University of IT & Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan

    Naveed Anjum

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  1. Naveed Anjum
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  2. Norio Tanaka
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Correspondence to Norio Tanaka.

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Anjum, N., Tanaka, N. Investigating the effectiveness of discontinuous and layered coastal forest defense system against the inundating tsunami current. Landscape Ecol Eng 18, 171–190 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-021-00490-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-021-00490-7

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