Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T10:21:21.590Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

THE PRECERAMIC AND EARLY CERAMIC PERIODS IN BELIZE AND THE CENTRAL MAYA LOWLANDS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2021

W. James Stemp Open the ORCID record for W. James Stemp [Opens in a new window] ,
Jaime J. Awe Open the ORCID record for Jaime J. Awe [Opens in a new window] ,
Joyce Marcus ,
Christophe Helmke Open the ORCID record for Christophe Helmke [Opens in a new window]  and
Lauren A. Sullivan Open the ORCID record for Lauren A. Sullivan [Opens in a new window]
W. James Stemp*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminology, Keene State College, Keene, New Hampshire 03435-3400, United States
Jaime J. Awe
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5200, United States
Joyce Marcus
Affiliation:
Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1259, United States
Christophe Helmke
Affiliation:
Institute of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixens Plads 8, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
Lauren A. Sullivan
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
*
E-mail correspondence to: jstemp@keene.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This introduction to the Special Section provides a summary of our current understanding of the first humans and the first Maya in these regions and presents seven articles that examine these critical periods from varied, intersecting perspectives. The Introduction begins with a brief history of early preceramic research (primarily in northern Belize) and provides a current chronology for the Paleoindian, Archaic, and Early Preclassic periods. The Paleoindian and Archaic (ca. 11,500–900 b.c.) periods are discussed in terms of the origins of the first peoples in these regions, lithic technology, subsistence, and early ritual. Next, a summary of archaeological evidence for the transition to the first villages (ca. 1200–800 b.c.) is provided, with examinations of a horticultural lifestyle, the earliest ceramics, increased socio-economic complexity, new ideology and ritual practices, and developing social inequality. Proto-Mayan and Mayan languages—their dating, origin, and early lexicon—are discussed in relation to the first Maya. Material culture and language are explored with regard to conceptions of Maya culture.

Type
Special Section: The Preceramic and Early Ceramic Periods in Belize and the Central Maya Lowlands
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 32 , Issue 3 , Fall 2021 , pp. 416 - 438
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abbott, Alysia L., Leonard, Robert D., and Jones, George T. 1998 Explaining the Change from Biface to Flake Technology: A Selectionist Application. In Darwinian Archaeologies, edited by Maschner, Herbert D.G., pp. 33–42. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Acosta Ochoa, Guillermo 2010 Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Tropical Foragers of Chiapas, Mexico: Recent Studies. Current Research on the Pleistocene 27:1–5.Google Scholar
Acosta Ochoa, Guillermo 2012 Ice Age Hunter-Gatherers and the Colonization of Mesoamerica. In The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology, edited by Nichols, Deborah L. and Pool, Christopher A., pp. 129–140. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Acosta Ochoa, Guillermo, Pérez-Martínez, Patricia, and Ulloa-Montemayor, Ximena 2019 The Clovis-Like and Fishtail Occupations of Southern Mexico and Central America: A Reappraisal. In People and Culture in Ice Age Americas: New Dimensions in Paleoamerican Archaeology, edited by Suárez, Rafael and Ardelean, Ciprian F., pp. 93–107. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Adams, Richard E.W. 1971 The Ceramics of Altar de Sacrificios. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 63, No. 1. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Aebersold, Luisa 2018 Getting to the Bottom of It: Geoarchaeological and Paleobotanical Investigations for Early Transitions in the Maya Lowlands. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin.Google Scholar
Aimers, James, Powis, Terry, and Awe, Jaime 2000 Preclassic Round Structures of the Upper Belize River Valley. Latin American Antiquity 11:71–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, E. Wyllys V 1990 Early Ceramic History of the Lowland Maya. In Vision and Revision in Maya Studies, edited by Clancy, Flora S. and Harrison, Peter D., pp. 1–19. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Andrews, E. Wyllys V, and Hammond, Norman 1990 Redefinition of the Swasey Phase at Cuello, Belize. American Antiquity 55:570–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, E. Wyllys V, Bey, George J. III, and Gunn, Christopher M. 2018 The Earliest Ceramics of the Northern Maya Lowlands. In Pathways to Complexity, edited by Kathryn Brown, M. and Bey, George J. III, pp. 49–86. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Aoyama, Kazuo 1999 Ancient Maya State, Urbanism, Exchange and Craft Specialization: Chipped Stone Evidence from the Copan Valley and the La Entrada Region, Honduras. University of Pittsburgh Memoirs in Latin American Archaeology 12. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Aoyama, Kazuo 2017 Ancient Maya Economy: Lithic Production and Exchange Around Ceibal, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 28:279–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aoyama, Kazuo, and Munson, Jessica 2012 Ancient Maya Obsidian Exchange and Chipped Stone Production at Caobal, Guatemala. Mexicon 34:34–42.Google Scholar
Aoyama, Kazuo, Inomata, Takeshi, Triadan, Daniela, Pinzón, Flory, Palomo, Juan Manuel, MacLellan, Jessica, and Sharpe, Ashley 2017b Early Maya Ritual Practices and Craft Production: Late Middle Preclassic Ritual Deposits Containing Obsidian Artifacts at Ceibal, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology 42:408–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aoyama, Kazuo, Inomata, Takeshi, Pinzón, Flory, and Palomo, Juan Manuel 2017a Polished Greenstone Celt Caches from Ceibal: The Development of Maya Public Rituals. Antiquity 91:701–717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arguedas Cortés, Gilda Rosa 1988 Los fonemas segmentales del protolenca: Reconstrucción comparativa. Filología y Lingüística 14(2):89–109.Google Scholar
Arroyo, Joaquín, Luna, Pilar, Chatters, James, Rissolo, Dominique, Chávez, Roberto, Nava, Alberto, and Barba, Helena 2015 Underwater Archaeology and Prehistory: The Case of the Cenotes in Mexico. Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in the Americas 42(1):54–60.Google Scholar
Atkinson, Quentin D. 2006 From Species to Languages: A Phylogenetic Approach to Human Prehistory. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland.Google Scholar
Awe, Jaime J. 1992 Dawn in the Land Between the Rivers: Formative Occupation at Cahal Pech, Belize and Its Implications for Formative Occupation in the Central Maya Lowlands. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, University of London, London.Google Scholar
Awe, Jaime J., and Healy, Paul F. 1994 Flakes to Blades? Middle Formative Development of Obsidian Artifacts in the Upper Belize River Valley. Latin American Antiquity 5:193–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Awe, Jaime J., Ebert, Claire E., James Stemp, W., Kathryn Brown, M., Sullivan, Lauren A., and Garber, James F. 2021a Lowland Maya Genesis: The Late Archaic to Late Early Formative Transition in the Upper Belize River Valley. Ancient Mesoamerica 32:519–544.Google Scholar
Awe, Jaime J., Helmke, Christophe, Ebert, Claire E., and Hoggarth, Julie A. 2021b Le Roi est mort, vive le roi: Examining the Rise, Apogee, and Decline of Maya Kingship in Western Belize. Paper presented at the Dumbarton Oaks Pre-Columbian Studies Symposium, Faces of Rulership in the Maya Region, March 25–27, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Ball, Joseph W., and Taschek, Jennifer T. 2003 Reconsidering the Belize Valley Preclassic: A Case for Multiethnic Interactions in the Development of a Regional Culture Tradition. Ancient Mesoamerica 14:179–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bermingham, Adam, Whitney, Bronwen S., Loughlin, Nicholas J.D., and Hoggarth, Julie A. 2021 Island Resource Exploitation by the Ancient Maya During Periods of Climate Stress, Ambergris Caye, Belize. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 37:103000.Google Scholar
Blake, Michael 1991 An Emerging Early Formative Chiefdom at Paso de la Amada, Chiapas, Mexico. In The Formation of Complex Society in Southeastern Mesoamerica, edited by Fowler, William R., pp. 27–46. CRC Press, Boca Raton.Google Scholar
Blake, Michael 2015 Maize for the Gods: Unearthing the 9,000-year History of Corn. University of California Press, Oakland.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E. 2015 The Ancient Maya of Mexico: Reinterpreting the Past of the Northern Maya Lowlands. In The Ancient Maya of Mexico: Reinterpreting the Past of the Northern Maya Lowlands, edited by Braswell, Geoffrey E., pp. 1–40. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Brown, Cecil H., and Witkowski, Stanley 1979 Aspects of the Phonological History of Mayan-Zoquean. International Journal of American Linguistics 45(1):34–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Cecil H., Beck, David, Kondrak, Grzegorz, Watters, James K., and Wichmann, Søren 2011 Totozoquean. International Journal of American Linguistics 77(3):323–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, David O., Dreiss, Meredith L., and Hughes, Richard E. 2004 Preclassic Obsidian Procurement and Utilization at the Maya Site of Colha, Belize. Latin American Antiquity 15:222–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Kenneth L. 1980 A Brief Report on Paleoindian-Archaic Occupation in the Quiche Basin, Guatemala. American Antiquity 45:313–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, M. Kathryn 2003 Emerging Complexity in the Maya Lowlands: A View from Blackman Eddy Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.Google Scholar
Brown, M. Kathryn 2007 Ritual Ceramic Use in the Early and Middle Preclassic at the Sites of Blackman Eddy and Cahal Pech, Belize. FAMSI report. Electronic document, www.famsi.org/reports/02066/02066Brown01.pdf, accessed October 14, 2021.Google Scholar
Brown, M. Kathryn, and Bey, George J. III (editors) 2018 Pathways to Complexity: A View from the Maya Lowlands. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, M. Kathryn, Awe, Jaime J., and Garber, James F. 2018 Ideology, Religion, and Ritual in Social Complexity in the Belize River Valley. In Pathways to Complexity: A View from the Maya Lowlands, edited by Brown, M. Kathryn and Bey, George J. III, pp. 87–116. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, M. Kathryn, Jennifer Cochran, Leah McCurdy, and Mixter, David 2011 Preceramic to Postclassic: A Brief Synthesis of the Occupation History of Group E, Xunantunich. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 8:209–219.Google Scholar
Bullen, Ripley P., and Plowden, William W. 1963 Preceramic Archaic Sites in the Highlands of Honduras. American Antiquity 28:382–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buttles, Palma J. 1992 Small Finds in Context: The Preclassic Artifacts of Colha, Belize. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin.Google Scholar
Cagnato, Clarissa 2021 Gathering and Sowing across the Central Maya Lowlands: A Review of Plant Use by Preceramic Peoples and the Early to Middle Preclassic Maya. Ancient Mesoamerica 32:486–501.Google Scholar
Callaghan, Michael G., and de Estrada, Nina Neivens 2016 The Ceramic Sequence of the Holmul Region, Guatemala. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 77. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle 1972 Mayan Loan Words in Xinca. International Journal of American Linguistics 38(3):187–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Lyle 1997 American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle, and Oltrogge, David 1980 Proto-Tol (Jicaque). International Journal of American Linguistics 46(3):205–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Lyle, and Kaufman, Terrence 1976 A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs. American Antiquity 41:80–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Lyle, and Kaufman, Terrence 1980 On Mesoamerican Linguistics. American Anthropologist 82:850–857.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castellanos, Jeanette E., and Foias, Antonia E. 2017 The Earliest Maya Farmers of Peten: New Evidence from Buenavista-Nuevo San José, Central Peten Lakes Region, Guatemala. Journal of Anthropology 2017:1–45. doi:10.1155/2017/8109137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen F. 2006 The Dawn of Maya Civilization: Preclassic Archaeology from Santa Rita Corozal. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 3:85–100.Google Scholar
Chatters, James C., Kennett, Douglas J., Asmerom, Yemane, Kemp, Brian M., Polyak, Victor, Blank, Alberto Nava, Beddows, Patricia A., Reinhardt, Eduard, Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin, Bolnick, Deborah A., Malhi, Ripan S., Culleton, Brendan J., Erreguerena, Pilar Luna, Rissolo, Dominique, Morell-Hart, Shanti, and Stafford, Thomas W. Jr. 2014 Late Pleistocene Human Skeleton and mtDNA Link Paleoamericans and Modern Native Americans. Science 344(6185):750–754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheetham, David, and Awe, Jaime J. 1996 The Early Formative Cunil Ceramic Complex at Cahal Pech, Belize. Paper presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, April 10–14, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Cheetham, David, Forsyth, Donald W., and Clark, John E. 2003 La cerámica pre-Mamom de la cuenca del Río Belice y del Centro de Petén: Las correspondencias y sus implicaciones. In XVI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro, Arroyo, Bárbara, Escobedo, Héctor, and Mejía, Héctor, pp. 615–634. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Asociación Tikal, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Cheetham, David T. 1995 Excavations of Structure B-4, Cahal Pech, Belize: 1994 Operations. In Belize Valley Preclassic Maya Project: Report on the 1994 Field Season, edited by Healy, Paul F. and Awe, Jaime J., pp. 18–44. Occasional Papers in Anthropology 10. Trent University, Peterborough.Google Scholar
Cheetham, David T. 1998 Interregional Interaction, Symbol Emulation, and the Emergence of Socio-Political Inequality in the Central Maya Lowlands. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.Google Scholar
Cheetham, David T. 2005 Cunil: A Pre-Mamom Horizon in the Southern Maya Lowlands. In New Perspectives on Formative Mesoamerican Cultures, pp. 27–38, edited by Powis, Terry G.. BAR International Series 1377. Hadrian Books, Oxford.Google Scholar
Cheetham, David T. 2010 Corn, Colanders, and Cooking: Early Maize Processing in the Maya Lowlands and Its Implications. In Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Mesoamerica, edited by Staller, John E. and Carrasco, Michael D., pp. 345–368. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, John E. 1991 The Beginnings of Mesoamerica: Apologia for the Soconusco Early Formative. In The Formation of Complex Society in Southeastern Mesoamerica, edited by Fowler, William R., pp. 13–26. CRC Press, Boca Raton.Google Scholar
Clark, John E., and Cheetham, David 2002 Mesoamerica's Tribal Foundations. In The Archaeology of Tribal Societies, edited by Parkinson, William A., pp. 278–339. Archaeological Series 15. International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, John E., and Blake, Michael 1994 The Power of Prestige: Competitive Generosity and the Emergence of Rank Societies in Lowland Mesoamerica. In Factional Competition and Political Development in the New World, edited by Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. and Fox, John W., pp. 17–30. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cochran, Jennifer L. 2009 A Diachronic Perspective of Marine Shell Use from Structure B1, Blackman Eddy, Belize. Master's thesis, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1960 A Fluted Point from Highland Guatemala. American Antiquity 25:412–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coe, William R. 1965 Tikal, Guatemala and Emergent Maya Civilization. Science 147:1401–1419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coe, William R., and Coe, Michael D. 1956 Excavations at Nohoch Ek, British Honduras. American Antiquity 21:370–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooke, Richard 1998 Human Settlement of Central America and Northernmost South America (14,000–8000 B.P.). Quaternary International 49–50:177–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick 1993 The Ceramics of Tikal: Vessels from the Burials, Caches, and Problematical Deposits. Tikal Report 25A. University Museum Monograph 81. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick 2003 The Ceramics of Tikal. In Tikal: Dynasties, Foreigners, and Affairs of State, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A., pp. 47–81. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick, and Kosakowsky, Laura J. 2019 The Ceramic Sequence of Tikal. Tikal Report 25B. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, James A. 2017 A Tale of Two E Groups: El Palmar and Tikal, Petén, Guatemala. In Maya E Groups: Calendars, Astronomy, and Urbanism in the Early Lowlands, edited by Freidel, David A., Chase, Arlen F., Dowd, Anne S., and Murdock, Jerry, pp. 253–292. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebert, Claire E. 2017 Preclassic Maya Social Complexity and the Origins of Inequality at Cahal Pech, Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
Ebert, Claire E., and Awe, Jaime J. 2018 Reconstructing Preclassic Maya Household Economies in the Belize River Valley. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 15:65–78.Google Scholar
Ebert, Claire E., Culleton, Brendan J., Awe, Jaime J., and Kennett, Douglas J. 2016 AMS 14C Dating of Preclassic to Classic Period Household Construction in the Ancient Maya Community of Cahal Pech. Radiocarbon 58:1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebert, Claire E., Hoggarth, Julie A., Awe, Jaime J., Culleton, Brendan J., and Kennett, Douglas J. 2019 The Role of Diet in Resilience and Vulnerability to Climate Change: Stable Isotope Evidence from the Ancient Maya Community at Cahal Pech, Belize. Current Anthropology 60:589–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ek, Jerald D. 2015 Resilience in the Midst of Collapse: A Regional Case Study of Socio-Ecological Dynamics in the Rio Champotón Drainage, Campeche, Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany.Google Scholar
England, Nora C. 1994 La autonomía de los idiomas mayas: Historia e identidad. Editorial Cholsamaj, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Estrada-Belli, Francisco 2006 Lightning Sky, Rain, and the Maize God: The Ideology of Preclassic Maya Rulers at Cival, Peten, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 17:57–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flannery, Kent V. 2009 Guilá Naquitz: Archaic Foraging and Early Agriculture in Oaxaca, Mexico. Updated ed. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V., and Hole, Frank 2019 Cueva Blanca: Social Change in the Archaic of the Valley of Oaxaca. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology 60. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flannery, Kent V., and Marcus, Joyce 2015. Excavations at San José Mogote 2: The Cognitive Archaeology. Memoirs of the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology 58. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, James A. 1978 Proto-Mayan Accent, Morpheme Structure Conditions, and Velar Innovations. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
Garber, James F., and Awe, Jaime J. 2008 Middle Formative Architecture and Ritual at Cahal Pech. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 5:185–190.Google Scholar
Garber, James F., and Awe, Jaime J. 2009 A Terminal Early Formative Symbol System in the Maya Lowlands: The Iconography of the Cunil Phase (1100–900 B.C.) at Cahal Pech. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 6:151–159.Google Scholar
Garber, James F., Kathryn Brown, M., Awe, Jaime J., and Hartman, Christopher J. 2004 Middle Formative Prehistory of the Central Belize Valley: An Examination of Architecture, Material Culture, and Sociopolitical Change at Blackman Eddy. In The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley: Half a Century of Archaeological Research, edited by Garber, James F., pp. 25–47. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
García-Bárcena, Joaquín, and Santamaría, Diana 1982 La Cueva de Santa Marta Ocozocoautla, Chiapas: Estratigrafía, cronología y cerámica. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Gerhardt, Juliette Cartwright, and Hammond, Norman 1991 The Community of Cuello: The Ceremonial Core. In Cuello: An Early Maya Community in Belize, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 98–117. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Gibson, Eric C. 1991 A Preliminary Functional and Contextual Study of Constricted Adzes from Northern Belize. In Maya Stone Tools: Selected Papers from the Second Maya Lithic Conference, edited by Hester, Thomas R. and Shafer, Harry J., pp. 229–237. Monographs in World Archaeology 1. Prehistory Press, Madison.Google Scholar
Gifford, James C. 1976 Prehistoric Pottery Analysis and the Ceramics of Barton Ramie in the Belize Valley. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 18. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
González González, Arturo H., Sandoval, Carmen Rojas, Mata, Alejandro Terrazas, Sanvicente, Martha Benavente, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang, Avilés, Jerónimo O., de los Ríos-Paredes, María Magdalena, and Aceves, Eugenio 2008b The Arrival of Humans on the Yucatan Peninsula: Evidence from Submerged Caves in the State of Quintana Roo, Mexico. Current Research in the Pleistocene 25:1–24.Google Scholar
González, Silvia, Huddart, David, Israde-Alcántara, Isabel, Domínguez-Vázquez, Gabriela, Bischoff, James, and Felstead, Nicholas 2015 Paleoindian Sites from the Basin of Mexico: Evidence from Stratigraphy, Tephrochronology and Dating. Quaternary International 363:4–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González González, Arturo H., Terrazas, Alejandro, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang, Benavente, Martha E., Avilés, Jerónimo, Rojas, Carmen, Padilla, José Manuel, Velásquez, Adriana, Acevez, Eugenio, and Frey, Eberhard 2013 The First Human Settlers on the Yucatan Peninsula: Evidence from Drowned Caves in the State of Quintana Roo (South Mexico). In Paleoamerican Odyssey, edited by Graf, Kelly E., Ketron, Caroline V., and Waters, Michael R., pp. 323–337. Texas A&M University, College Station.Google Scholar
González González, Arturo H., Sandoval, Carmen Rojas, Núñez, Eugenio Acevez, Olguín, Jerónimo Avilés, Ramírez, Santiago Analco, del Río Lara, Octavio, Erreguerena, Pilar Luna, Morlet, Adriana Velázquez, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang, Maza, Alejandro Terrazas, and Sanvicente, Martha Benavente 2008a Evidence of Early Inhabitants in Submerged Caves in Yucatan, Mexico. In Underwater and Maritime Archaeology in Latin America and the Caribbean, edited by Leshikar-Denton, Margaret E. and Erreguerena, Pilar Luna, pp. 127–142. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Grauel, Anna-Lena, Hodell, David A., and Bernasconi, Stefano M. 2016 Quantitative Estimates of Tropical Temperature Change in Lowland Central America During the Last 42 ka. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 438:37–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffith, Cameron, Ishihara, Reiko, and Jack, Sarah 2002 Report on the 3rd Year of Archaeological Investigations in Actun Halal. In The Western Belize Regional Cave Project: A Report of the 2001 Field Season, edited by Awe, Jaime, pp. 27–50. Department of Anthropology Occasional Paper 5. University of New Hampshire, Durham.Google Scholar
Griffith, Cameron S., and Morehart, Christopher T. 2001 A Preliminary Report on the Excavations and Continued Investigation of Actun Halal, Macal River, Cayo District. In The Western Belize Regional Cave Project: A Report of the 2000 Field Season, edited by Awe, Jaime, pp. 190–232. Department of Anthropology Occasional Paper 4. University of New Hampshire, Durham.Google Scholar
Gruhn, Ruth, Bryan, Alan L., and Nance, Jack D. 1977 Los Tapiales: A Paleo-Indian Campsite in the Guatemalan Highlands. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 121:235–273.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1982 The Prehistory of Belize. Journal of Field Archaeology 9:349–362.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1991a Jade and Greenstone Trade. In Cuello: An Early Maya Community in Belize, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 169–172. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1991b Obsidian Trade. In Cuello: An Early Maya Community in Belize, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 199–203, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1995 Ceremony and Society at Cuello: Preclassic Ritual Behavior and Social Differentiation. In The Emergence of Classic Maya Civilization, edited by Grube, Nicholas, pp. 49–60. Acta Mesoamericana 8. Verlag von Fleming, Möckmühl.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman, Clarke, Amanda, and Robin, Cynthia 1991 Middle Preclassic Buildings and Burials at Cuello, Belize: 1990 Investigations. Latin American Antiquity 2:352–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, Norman, Clarke, Amanda, and Belli, Francisco Estrada 1992 Middle Preclassic Maya Buildings and Burials at Cuello, Belize. Antiquity 66:955–964.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, Norman, Pring, Duncan, Wilk, Richard, Donaghey, Sara, Saul, Frank P., Wing, Elizabeth S., Miller, Arlene V., and Feldman, Lawrence H. 1979 The Earliest Lowland Maya? Definition of the Swasey Phase. American Antiquity 44:92–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, Richard D. 1998 Continuity and Disjunction: The Pre-Classic Antecedents of Classic Maya Architecture. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 49–122. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Hansen, Richard D. 2005 Perspectives on Olmec–Maya Interaction in the Middle Formative Period. In New Perspectives on Formative Mesoamerican Cultures, edited by Powis, Terry G., pp. 51–72. BAR International Series 1377. Hadrian Books, Oxford.Google Scholar
Hansen, Richard D. 2016 Cultural and Environmental Components of the First Maya States: A Perspective from the Central and Southern Maya Lowlands. In The Origins of Maya States, edited by Traxler, Loa P. and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 329–416. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian 1980 A Fluted Point from the Guatemalan Highlands. Current Anthropology 21:702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayden, Brian 1990 Nimrods, Piscators, Pluckers, and Planters: The Emergence of Food Production. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9(l):31–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayden, Brian 2001 Fabulous Feasts: A Prolegomenon to the Importance of Feasting. In Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power, edited by Dietler, Michael and Hayden, Brian, pp. 23–64. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Healy, Paul F., and Awe, Jaime J. 1995 Belize Valley Preclassic Maya Project: Report on the 1994 Field Season. Occasional Papers in Anthropology 10. Trent University, Peterborough.Google Scholar
Healy, Paul F., and Awe, Jaime J. 1996 Belize Valley Preclassic Maya Project: Report on the 1995 Field Season. Occasional Papers in Anthropology 12. Trent University, Peterborough.Google Scholar
Healy, Paul F., Hohmann, Bobbi, and Powis, Terry G. 2004 The Ancient Maya Center of Pacbitun. In The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley: Half a Century of Archaeological Research, edited by Garber, James F., pp. 207–227. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R., and Shafer, Harry J. 1984 Exploitation of Chert Resources by the Ancient Maya of Northern Belize, Central America. World Archaeology 16:157–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hester, Thomas R., Iceland, Harry B., Hudler, Dale B., and Shafer, Harry J. 1996 The Colha Preceramic Project: Preliminary Results from the 1993–1995 Field Seasons. Mexicon 18:45–50.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R., Shafer, Harry J., and Kelly, Thomas C. 1980 Lithics from a Preceramic Site in Belize: A Preliminary Note. Lithic Technology 9:9–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hester, Thomas R., Kelly, Thomas C., and Ligabue, Giancarlo 1981 A Fluted Paleo-Indian Projectile Point from Belize, Central America. Working Papers in Archaeology 1. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodell, David A., Anselmetti, Flavio S., Ariztegui, Daniel, Brenner, Mark, Curtis, Jason H., Gilli, Adrian, Grzesik, Dustin A., Guilderson, Thomas J., Müller, Andreas D., Bush, Mark B., Correa-Metrio, Alexander, Escobar, Jaime, and Kutterolf, Steffen 2008 An 85-ka Record of Climate Change in Lowland Central America. Quaternary Science Reviews 27:1152–1165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hohmann, Bobbi, and Powis, Terry 1999 The 1996 Excavations of Plaza B at Pacbitun, Belize. In Belize Valley Preclassic Maya Project: Report on the 1996 and 1997 Field Seasons, edited by Healy, Paul F., pp. 1–18. Occasional Papers in Anthropology 13. Trent University, Peterborough.Google Scholar
Hohmann, Bobbi, Powis, Terry, and Arendt, Carmen 1999 The 1997 Investigations at Pacbitun, Belize. In Belize Valley Preclassic Maya Project: Report on the 1996 and 1997 Field Seasons, edited by Healy, Paul F., pp. 19–29. Occasional Papers in Anthropology 13. Trent University, Peterborough.Google Scholar
Hohmann, Bobbi M. 2002 Preclassic Maya Shell Ornament Production in the Belize Valley, Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Holman, Eric. Cecil, W.. Brown, H., Wichmann, Søren, Müller, André, Velupillai, Viveka, Hammarström, Harald, Sauppe, Sebastian, Jung, Hagen, Bakker, Dik, Brown, Pamela, Belyaev, Oleg, Urban, Matthias, Mailhammer, Robert, List, Johann-Mattis, and Egorov, Dmitry 2011 Automated Dating of the World's Language Families based on Lexical Similarity. Current Anthropology 52:841–875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoopes, John W. 1994 The Tronadora Complex: Early Formative Ceramics in Northwestern Costa Rica. Latin American Antiquity 5:3–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn, Sherman W. III 2015 The Web of Complexity: Socioeconomic Networks in the Middle Preclassic Belize Valley. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Rachel A. 2015 Production at the Source: Lithic Extraction and Production at Callar Creek Quarry, Belize. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 12:45–54.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Rachel A. 2017 Understanding Ancient Maya Economic Variability: Lithic Technological Organization in the Mopan Valley, Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Hudler, Dale B., and Lohse, Jon C. 1994 A Functional and Contextual Study of Unifacial Chert Tools in Belize. Paper presented at the 59th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, April 20–24, Anaheim.Google Scholar
Iceland, Harry B. 1997 The Preceramic Origins of the Maya: The Results of the Colha Preceramic Project in Northern Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin.Google Scholar
Iceland, Harry B. 2005 The Preceramic to Early Middle Formative Transition in Northern Belize: Evidence for the Ethnic Identity of the Preceramic Inhabitants. In New Perspectives on Formative Mesoamerican Cultures, edited by Powis, Terry G., pp. 15–26. BAR International Series 1377. Hadrian Books, Oxford.Google Scholar
Iceland, Harry B., and Hirth, Kenneth G. 2021 The Paleoindian to Archaic Transition in Central America: Esperanza Phase Projectile Points Recovered at the El Gigante Rockshelter Site, Honduras. In Preceramic Mesoamerica, edited by Lohse, Jon C., Borejsza, Aleksander, and Joyce, Arthur A., pp. 1–19. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Iceland, Harry B., and Hester, Thomas R. 2001 Lowland Mesoamerican Archaic. In Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Volume 5: Middle America, edited by Peregrine, Peter N. and Ember, Melvin, pp. 292–302. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, Triadan, Daniela, Aoyama, Kazuo, Castillo, Victor, and Yonenobu, Hitoshi 2013 Early Ceremonial Constructions at Ceibal, Guatemala, and the Origins of Lowland Maya Civilization. Science 340:467–471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inomata, Takeshi, Triadan, Daniela, López, Verónica A. Vázquez, Fernandez-Diaz, Juan Carlos, Omori, Takayuki, Bauer, María Belén Méndez, Hernández, Melina García, Beach, Timothy, Cagnato, Clarissa, Aoyama, Kazuo, and Nasu, Hiroo 2020 Monumental Architecture at Aguada Fénix and the Rise of Maya Civilization. Nature 582:530–533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inomata, Takeshi, MacLellan, Jessica, Triadan, Daniela, Munson, Jessica, Burham, Melissa, Aoyama, Kazuo, Nasu, Hiroo, Pinzón, Flory, and Yonenobu, Hitoshi 2015 Development of Sedentary Communities in the Maya Lowlands: Coexisting Mobile Groups and Public Ceremonies at Ceibal, Guatemala. PNAS 112:4268–4273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isaza Aizpurúa, Ilean Isel, and McAnany, Patricia A. 1999 Adornment and Identity: Shell Ornaments from Formative K'axob. Ancient Mesoamerica 10:117–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Donald, Méndez, César, de Saint Pierre, Michelle, Aspillaga, Eugenio, and Politis, Gustavo 2015 Direct Dates and mtDNA of Late Pleistocene Human Skeletons from South America: A Comment on Chatters et al. (2014). PaleoAmerica 1:213–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Frances L.Ø. 1972 Proto-Mayan. Comparative Studies in Amerindian Languages, edited by Mattheson, Esther, Wheeler, Alva, Jackson, Frances L., Waltz, Nathan E., and Christian, Diana R., pp. 109–118. De Gruyter, The Hague.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacob, John S. 1995 Ancient Maya Wetland Agricultural Fields in Cobweb Swamp, Belize: Construction, Chronology, and Function. Journal of Field Archaeology 22:175–190.Google Scholar
Johnson, Jay K. 1991 Obsidian: A Technological Analysis. In Cuello: An Early Maya Community in Belize, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 169–172. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Jones, John G. 1994 Pollen Evidence for Early Settlement and Agriculture in Northern Belize. Palynology 18:205–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A., and Henderson, John S. 2001 Beginnings of Village Life in Eastern Mesoamerica. Latin American Antiquity 12:5–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A., and Henderson, John S. 2007 From Feasting to Cuisine: Implications of Archaeological Research in an Early Honduran Village. American Anthropologist 10:642–653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, Terrence 1976 Archaeological and Linguistic Correlations in Mayaland and Associated Areas of Meso-America. World Archaeology 8:101–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, Terrence 1990 Algunos rasgos estructurales de los idiomas mayances con referencia especial al k'iche'. In Lecturas sobre la lingüística maya, edited by England, Nora C. and Elliott, Stephen R., pp. 59–114. Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica, La Antigua.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Terrence 1994 The Native Languages of Meso-America. In Atlas of the World's Languages, edited by Moseley, Christopher and Asher, R.E., pp. 34–41. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Terrence 2017 Aspects of the Lexicon of Proto-Mayan and Its Earliest Descendants. In The Mayan Languages, edited by England, Nora C., Maldonado, Roberto Závala, and Aissen, Judith, pp. 62–111. Routledge, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, Terrence, and Justeson, John 2003 A Preliminary Mayan Etymological Dictionary. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Electronic document, http://www.famsi.org/reports/01051/pmed.pdf, accessed March 21, 2020.Google Scholar
Kelly, Thomas C. 1993 Preceramic Projectile-Point Typology in Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 4:205–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennett, Douglas J., Thakar, Heather B., VanDerwarker, Amber M., Webster, David L., Culleton, Brendan J., Harper, Thomas K., Kistler, Logan, Scheffler, Timothy E., and Hirth, Kenneth 2017 High-Precision Chronology for Central American Maize Diversification from El Gigante Rockshelter, Honduras. PNAS 114:9026–9031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennett, Douglas J., Prufer, Keith M., Culleton, Brendan J., George, Richard J., Robinson, Mark, Trask, Willa R., Buckley, Gina M., Moes, Emily, Kate, Emily J., Harper, Thomas K., O'Donnell, Lexi, Ray, Erin E., Hill, Ethan C., Alsgaard, Asia, Merriman, Christopher, Meredith, Clayton, Edgar, Heather J.H., Awe, Jaime J., and Gutierrez, Said M. 2020 Early Isotopic Evidence for Maize as a Staple Grain in the Americas. Science Advances 6:eaba3245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kersey, Kimberly M. 2007 Emerging Elite Economies: Formative Period Obsidian Distribution in the Belize River Valley. IAOS Bulletin: International Association for Obsidian Studies 36:2–19.Google Scholar
Kistler, Logan, Thakar, Heather B., VanDerwarker, Amber M., Domic, Alejandra, Bergström, Anders, George, Richard J., Harper, Thomas K., Allaby, Robin G., Hirth, Kenneth, and Kennett, Douglas J. 2020 Archaeological Central American Maize Genomes Suggest Ancient Gene Flow from South America. PNAS 117:33124–33129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koldehoff, Brad 1987 The Cahokia Flake Tool Industry: Socioeconomic Implications for Late Prehistory in the Central Mississippi Valley. In The Organization of Core Technology, edited by Johnson, Jay K. and Morrow, Carol A., pp. 151–185. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Kosakowsky, Laura J. 1987 Preclassic Maya Pottery at Cuello, Belize. Anthropological Papers 47. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Kosakowsky, Laura J., and Pring, Duncan 1998 The Ceramics of Cuello, Belize: A New Evaluation. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:55–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosakowsky, Laura J., Sagebiel, Kerry L., and Pring, Duncan C. 2018 Long Ago But Not Forgotten: The Early Preclassic Swasey Ceramic Sphere of Northern Belize. In Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 15:131–140.Google Scholar
Law, Danny 2013 Mayan Historical Linguistics in a New Age. Language and Linguistics Compass 7:141–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeCount, Lisa J., Yaeger, Jason, Leventhal, Richard M., and Ashmore, Wendy 2002 Dating the Rise and Fall of Xunantunich. Ancient Mesoamerica 13:41–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, David F., and Awe, Jaime J. 1995 Preclassic Architecture, Burials, and Craft Specialization at the Cas Pek Group, Cahal Pech. In Belize Valley Preclassic Maya Project: Report on the 1994 Field Season, edited by Healy, Paul F. and Awe, Jaime J., pp. 95–115. Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 10. Trent University, Peterborough.Google Scholar
Lohse, Jon C. 2010 Archaic Origins of the Lowland Maya. Latin American Antiquity 21:312–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohse, Jon C. 2020 Archaic Maya Matters. In Maya World, edited by Hutson, Scott R. and Ardren, Traci, pp. 11–28. Routledge, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohse, Jon C., and Collins, Michael B. 2004 Lithic Artifacts Recovered in Association with Pleistocene Fauna from Actun Halal Cave, Western Belize. Unpublished report submitted to the Western Belize Regional Cave Project and the Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan.Google Scholar
Lohse, Jon C., Awe, Jaime J., Griffith, Cameron, Rosenswig, Robert M., and Valdez, Fred Jr. 2006 Preceramic Occupations in Belize: Updating the Paleoindian and Archaic Record. Latin American Antiquity 17:209–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohse, Jon C., LeCount, Lisa, Jones, John G., Beach, Timothy, and Hallock, Ashley 2007 In Search of the Preceramic: 2006 Season Investigations at Actun Halal, Belize. FAMSI Report. Electronic document, www.famsi.org/reports/06019/06019Lohse01.pdf, accessed October 14, 2021.Google Scholar
MacNeish, Richard S., and Nelken-Terner, Antoinette 1983a The Preceramic of Mesoamerica. Journal of Field Archaeology 10:71–84.Google Scholar
MacNeish, Richard S., and Nelken-Terner, Antoinette 1983b Final Annual Report of the Belize Archaic Archaeological Reconnaissance. R.S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, Andover.Google Scholar
MacNeish, Richard S., Wilkerson, Jeffery K., and Nelken-Terner, Antoinette 1980 First Annual Report of the Belize Archaic Archaeological Reconnaissance. R.S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, Andover.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1982 The Plant World of the Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Lowland Maya. In Maya Subsistence: Studies in Memory of Dennis E. Puleston, edited by Flannery, Kent V., pp. 239–273. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1983 Lowland Maya Archaeology at the Crossroads. American Antiquity 48:454–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1995 Where Is Lowland Maya Archaeology Headed? Journal of Archaeological Research 3:3–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 2003 Recent Advances in Maya Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research 11:71–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A. 2004 Fauna Exploitation from the Preclassic to the Postclassic Periods at Four Maya Settlements in Northern Belize. In Maya Zooarchaeology: New Directions in Theory and Method, edited by Emery, Kitty F., pp. 97–122. Monograph 51. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1995 Living with the Ancestors: Kinship and Kingship in Ancient Maya Society. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 2004a Domiciles and Construction Histories. In K'axob: Ritual, Work, and Family in an Ancient Maya Village, edited by McAnany, Patricia A., pp. 307–315. Monumenta Archaeologica 22. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 2004b Obsidian Blades and Source Areas. In K'axob: Ritual, Work, and Family in an Ancient Maya Village, edited by McAnany, Patricia A., pp. 23–62. Monumenta Archaeologica 22. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia, and López Varela, Sandra 1999 Re-Creating the Formative Maya Village of K'axob: Chronology, Ceramic Complexes, and Ancestors in Architectural Context. Ancient Mesoamerica 10:147–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAnany, Patricia, Storey, Rebecca, and Lockard, Angela 1999 Mortuary Ritual and Family Politics at Formative and Early Classic K'axob, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 10:129–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McQuown, Norman A. 1942 Una posible síntesis lingüística Macro-Mayance. In Mayas y Olmecas, Segunda Mesa Redonda sobre Problemas Antropológicos de México y Centro América, pp. 37–38. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Tuxtla Gutiérrez.Google Scholar
Méndez Salinas, Luis, and Lohse, Jon C. 2010 Los primeros talladores y sus estrategias de producción: Artefactos paleoindios en el noroccidente de Guatemala. In XXIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2009, edited by Arroyo, Bárbara, Palma, Adriana Linares, and Aragón, Lorena Paiz, pp. 919–933. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Micheletti, George J., Crow, Kaitlin E., and Powis, Terry G. 2018 Expanding Sub-Plaza Explorations of Middle Preclassic Architecture at the Site of Pacbitun, Belize. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 15:17–26.Google Scholar
Miller, D. Shane, Holliday, Vance T., and Bright, Jordon 2013 Clovis Across the Continent. In Paleoamerican Odyssey, edited by Graf, Kelly E., Ketron, Caroline V., and Waters, Michael R., pp. 207–220. Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University, College Station.Google Scholar
Moholy-Nagy, Hattula 1985 The Social and Ceremonial Uses of Marine Mollusks at Tikal. In Prehistoric Lowland Maya Environment and Subsistence Economy, edited by Pohl, Mary, pp. 148–158. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 77. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Moholy-Nagy, Hattula 1989 Formed Shell Beads from Tikal, Guatemala. In Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference, edited by Haynes, Charles F. III, Ceci, Lynn, and Bodner, Connie Cox, pp. 139–156. Research Records 20. Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester.Google Scholar
Morrow, Juliet E., and Morrow, Toby A. 1999 Geographic Variation in Fluted Projectile Points: A Hemispheric Perspective. American Antiquity 64:215–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murata, Satoru 2011 Maya Salters, Maya Potters: The Archaeology of Multicrafting on Non-Residential Mounds at Wits Cah Ak'al, Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, Boston University, Boston.Google Scholar
Nami, Hugo Gabriel 2021 Fishtailed Projectile Points in the Americas: Remarks and Hypotheses on the Peopling of Northern South America and Beyond. Quaternary International 578:47–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, Margaret C. 1991 The Study of Technological Organization. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 3:57–100.Google Scholar
Norman, William M., and Campbell, Lyle 1978 Toward a Proto-Mayan Syntax: A Comparative Perspective on Grammar. In Papers in Mayan Linguistics, edited by England, Nora C., pp. 136–156. University of Missouri, Columbia.Google Scholar
Ochoa-Lugo, Mirna Isabel, de Lourdes Muñoz, María, Pérez-Ramírez, Gerardo, Beaty, Kristine G., López-Armenta, Mauro, Cervini-Silva, Javiera, Moreno-Galeana, Miguel, Meza, Adrián Martínez, Ramos, Eduardo, Crawford, Michael H., and Romano-Pacheco, Arturo 2016 Genetic Affiliation of Pre-Hispanic and Contemporary Mayas through Maternal Linage. Human Biology 88:136–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Odell, George H. 1985 Archaic Lithic Assemblages from the Stratified Napoleon Hollow Site in Illinois. Wisconsin Archaeologist 66:327–358.Google Scholar
Palomo, Juan, Inomata, Takeshi, and Triadan, Daniela 2017 Mortuary Rituals and Cranial Modifications at Ceibal: From the Early Middle Preclassic to the Terminal Classic Period. Ancient Mesoamerica 28:305–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parry, William J., and Kelly, Robert 1987 Expedient Core Technology. In The Organization of Core Technology, edited by Johnson, Jay K. and Morrow, Carol A., pp. 285–313. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Pearson, Georges A. 2017 Bridging the Gap: An Updated Overview of Clovis Across Middle America and Its Techno-Cultural Relation with Fluted Point Assemblages from South America. PaleoAmerica 3:203–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, Georges A., and Bostrom, Pete 1998 A New Fluted Stemmed Point from Belize and Its Implications for a Circum-Caribbean Paleoindian Culture Area. Current Research in the Pleistocene 15:55–57.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1982 Excavations at Altun Ha, Belize, 1964–1970, Vol. 2. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.Google Scholar
Peniche May, Nancy 2014 Revealing Architectural Variability at Cahal Pech: Recent Excavations at Plaza B. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 11:205–212.Google Scholar
Piperno, Dolores R., and Smith, Bruce D. 2012 The Origins of Food Production in Mesoamerica. In The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology, edited by Nichols, Deborah L. and Pool, Christopher A., pp. 151–164. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Piperno, Dolores R., and Pearsall, Deborah M. 1998 The Origins of Agriculture in the Lowland Neotropics. Academic Press, San Diego.Google Scholar
Pohl, Mary 1983 Maya Ritual Faunas: Vertebrate Remains from Burials, Caches, Caves, and Cenotes in the Maya Lowlands. In Civilization in the Ancient Americas, edited by Leventhal, Richard M. and Kolata, Alan L., pp. 55–103. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Pohl, Mary D., Pope, Kevin O., Jones, John G., Jacob, John S., Piperno, Dolores R., deFrance, Susan D., Lentz, David L., Gifford, John A., Danforth, Marie E., and Kathryn Josserand, J. 1996 Agriculture in the Maya Lowlands. Latin American Antiquity 7:355–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posth, Cosimo, Nakatsuka, Nathan, Lazaridis, Iosif, Skoglund, Pontus, Mallick, Swapan, Lamnidis, Thiseas C., Rohland, Nadin, Nägele, Kathrin, Adamski, Nicole, Bertolini, Emilie, Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen, Cooper, Alan, Culleton, Brendan J., Ferraz, Tiago, Ferry, Matthew, Furtwängler, Anja, Haak, Wolfgang, Harkins, Kelly, Harper, Thomas K., Hünemeier, Tábita, Lawson, Ann Marie, Llamas, Bastien, Michel, Megan, Nelson, Elizabeth, Oppenheimer, Jonas, Patterson, Nick, Schiffels, Stephan, Sedig, Jakob, Stewardson, Kristin, Talamo, Sahra, Wang, Chuan-Chao, Hublin, Jean-Jacques, Hubbe, Mark, Harvati, Katerina, Delaunay, Amalia Nuevo, Beier, Judith, Francken, Michael, Kaulicke, Peter, Reyes-Centeno, Hugo, Rademaker, Kurt, Trask, Willa R., Robinson, Mark, Gutierrez, Said M., Prufer, Keith M., Salazar-García, Domingo C., Chim, Eliane N., Gomes, Lisiane Müller Plumm, Alves, Marcony L., Liryo, Andersen, Inglez, Mariana, Oliveira, Rodrigo E., Bernardo, Danilo V., Barioni, Alberto, Wesolowski, Veronica, Scheifler, Nahuel A., Rivera, Mario A., Plens, Claudia R., Messineo, Pablo G., Figuti, Levy, Corach, Daniel, Scabuzzo, Clara, Eggers, Sabine, DeBlasis, Paulo, Reindel, Markus, Méndez, César, Politis, Gustavo, Tomasto-Cagigao, Elsa, Kennett, Douglas J., Strauss, André, Fehren-Schmitz, Lars, Krause, Johannes, and Reich, David 2018 Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America. Cell 175:1185–1197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potter, Daniel R. 1991 Maya Stone Tools: Selected Papers from the Second Maya Lithic Conference, edited by Thomas R., Hester and Shafer, Harry J., pp. 21–29. Monographs in World Archaeology No. 1. Prehistory Press, Madison.Google Scholar
Potter, Daniel R., Hester, Thomas R., Black, Stephen L., and Valdez, Fred Jr. 1984 Relationships Between Early Preclassic and Early Middle Preclassic Phases in Northern Belize: A Comment on “Lowland Maya Archaeology at the Crossroads.” American Antiquity 49:628–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powis, Terry G., Stanchly, Norbert, White, Christine D., Healy, Paul F., Awe, Jaime J., and Longstaffe, Fred 1999 A Reconstruction of Middle Preclassic Maya Subsistence Economy at Cahal Pech, Belize. Antiquity 73:364–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powis, Terry G., Healy, Paul F., and Hohmann, Bobbi 2009 An Investigation of Middle Preclassic Structures at Pacbitun. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 6:169–177.Google Scholar
Powis, Terry G., Horn, Sherman III, Iannone, Gyles, Healy, Paul F., Garber, James F., Awe, Jaime J., Skaggs, Sheldon, and Howie, Linda A. 2016 Middle Preclassic Period Maya Greenstone “Triangulates”: Forms, Contexts, and Geology of a Unique Mesoamerican Groundstone Artifact Type. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 10:59–73.Google Scholar
Pring, Duncan 1977 The Preclassic Ceramics of Northern Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, University of London, London.Google Scholar
Prufer, Keith, Meredith, Clayton, Alsgaard, Asia, Dennehy, Timothy, and Kennett, Douglas 2017 The Paleoindian Chronology of Tzib Te Yux Rockshelter in the Rio Blanco Valley of Southern Belize. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 14:321–326.Google Scholar
Prufer, Keith M. 2018 Preceramic Cultural History in Southern Belize and Its Environmental Context. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 15:241–251.Google Scholar
Prufer, Keith M., and Kennett, Douglas J. 2020 The Holocene Occupations of Southern Belize. In Approaches to Monumental Landscapes of the Ancient Maya, edited by Houk, Brett A., Arroyo, Bárbara, and Powis, Terry G., pp. 16–38. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prufer, Keith M., Alsgaard, Asia V., Robinson, Mark, Meredith, Clayton R., Culleton, Brendan J., Dennehy, Timothy, Magee, Shelby, Huckell, Bruce B., James Stemp, W., Awe, Jaime J., Capriles, Jose M., and Kennett, Douglas J. 2019 Linking Late Paleoindian Stone Tool Technologies and Populations in North, Central and South America. PLoS ONE 14(7):e0219812.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prufer, Keith M., Robinson, Mark, and Kennett, Douglas J. 2021 Terminal Pleistocene through Middle Holocene Occupations in Southeastern Mesoamerica: Linking Ecology and Culture in the Context of Neotropical Foragers and Early Farmers. Ancient Mesoamerica 32:439–460.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 1979 Ceramic and Non-Ceramic Artifacts of Lakes Yaxha-Sacnab, El Peten, Guatemala. Part I: The Ceramics, Section A: Introduction and Middle Preclassic Ceramics of Yaxha-Sacnab, Guatemala. Cerámica de Cultura Maya 10:1–35.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 2009 Mound ZZ1, Nixtun-Ch'ich', Petén, Guatemala: Rescue Operations at a Long-Lived Structure in the Maya Lowlands. Journal of Field Archaeology 34:403–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 2019 Early Pottery and Construction at Nixtun-Ch'ich', Petén, Guatemala: Preliminary Observations. Latin American Antiquity 30:1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Prudence M., Pugh, Timothy W., and Nieto, Evelyn M. Chan 2019 Early Construction of a Maya Sacred Landscape: The Sector Y “E-Group” of Nixtun-Ch'ich' (Petén, Guatemala). Journal of Field Archaeology 44:550–564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robin, Cynthia, and Hammond, Norman 1991 Burial Practices. In Cuello: An Early Maya Community in Belize, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 204–225. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Roca-Rada, Xavier, Souilmi, Yassine, Teixeira, João C., and Llamas, Bastien 2020 Ancient DNA Studies in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Genes (Basel) 11:1346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenmeier, Michael F., Hodell, David A., Brenner, Mark, Curtis, Jason H., and Guilderson, Thomas P. 2002 A 4000-Year Lacustrine Record of the Environmental Change in the Southern Maya Lowlands, Petén, Guatemala. Quaternary Research 57:183–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M. 2004 The Late Archaic Occupation of Northern Belize: New Archaeological Excavation Data. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 1 267–277.Google Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M. 2006 Sedentism and Food Production in Early Complex Societies of the Soconusco, Mexico. World Archaeology 38:329–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M. 2007 Beyond Identifying Elites: Feasting as a Means to Understand Early Middle Formative Society on the Pacific Coast of Mexico. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26(1):1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M. 2011 An Early Mesoamerican Archipelago of Complexity: As Seen from Changing Population and Human Depictions at Cuauhtémoc. In Sociopolitical Transformation in Early Mesoamerica: Archaic to Formative in the Soconusco Region, edited by Lesure, Richard, pp. 242–271. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M. 2015 A Mosaic of Adaptation: The Archaeological Record for Mesoamerica's Archaic Period. Journal of Archaeological Research 23:115–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M. 2021 Opinions on the Lowland Maya Late Archaic Period with Some Evidence from Northern Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 32:461–474.Google Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M., VanDerwarker, Amber M., Culleton, Brendan J., and Kennett, Douglas J. 2015 Is It Agriculture Yet? Intensified Maize-Use at 1000 cal b.c. in the Soconusco and Mesoamerica. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 40:89–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M., and Masson, Marilyn A. 2001 Seven New Preceramic Sites Documented in Northern Belize. Mexicon 23:138–140.Google Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M., Pearsall, Deborah M., Masson, Marilyn A., Culleton, Brendan J., and Kennett, Douglas J. 2014 Archaic Period Settlement and Subsistence in the Maya Lowlands: New Starch Grain and Lithic Data from Freshwater Creek, Belize. Journal of Archaeological Science 41:308–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A. 1975 Excavation at Seibal, No. 2, Ceramics. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 13. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Santamaría, Diana 1981 Preceramic Occupations at Los Grifos Rockshelter, Chiapas. In Memorias Xo Congreso UISPP, edited by García-Bárcena, Joaquín and Sánchez, Francisco, pp. 63–83. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Santamaría, Diana, and García-Bárcena, Joaquín 1989 Puntas de proyectil, cuchillos y otras herramientas sencillas de los Grifos. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Scheffler, Timothy E. 2008 The El Gigante Rock Shelter, Honduras. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
Scheffler, Timothy E., Hirth, Kenneth G., and Hasemann, George 2012 The El Gigante Rockshelter: Preliminary Observations on an Early to Late Holocene Occupation in Southern Honduras. Latin American Antiquity 23:597–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shafer, Harry J., and Hester, Thomas R. 1991 Lithic Craft Specialization and Product Distribution at the Maya Site of Colha, Belize. World Archaeology 23:79–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shafer, Harry J., Hester, Thomas R., and Kelly, Thomas C. 1980 Notes on the Sand Hill Site. In The Colha Project: Second Season, 1980 Interim Report, edited by Hester, Thomas R., Eaton, Jack D., and Shafer, Harry J., pp. 233–240. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, and Centro Studi e Ricerche Ligabue, Venice.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., and Gifford, James C. 1970 Preclassic Ceramics from Chalchuapa, El Salvador and Their Relationships with the Maya Lowlands. American Antiquity 35:441–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., and Kirkpatrick, Muriel 1976 The Jenney Creek Ceramic Complex: Type Descriptions. In Prehistoric Pottery Analysis and the Ceramics of Barton Ramie in the Belize River Valley, edited by Gifford, James C., pp. 63–83. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 18. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Sharpe, Ashley E. 2019 The Ancient Shell Collectors: Two Millennia of Marine Shell Exchange at Ceibal, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 30:493–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Leslie C. 1999 Social and Ecological Aspects of Preclassic Maya Meat Consumption at Colhá, Belize. In Reconstructing Ancient Maya Diet, edited by White, Christine D., pp. 83–100. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Shott, Michael J. 1986 Technological Organization and Settlement Mobility: An Ethnographic Examination. Journal of Anthropological Research 42:15–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Robert E. 1955 Ceramic Sequence at Uaxactun, Guatemala. Middle American Research Institute Publication 20. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Stanchly, Norbert, and Burke, Chrissina Coleen 2018 Preclassic Animal Resource Use and the Origins of Ancient Maya Lifeways and Society: Contributions from Belize Zooarchaeology. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 15:93–104.Google Scholar
Stanchly, Norbert, and Awe, Jaime J. 2015 Ancient Maya Use of Dog (Canis lupus familiaris): Evidence from the Upper Belize River Valley Region. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 12:227–237.Google Scholar
Stanchly, Norbert W. 1995 Formative Period Maya Faunal Utilization at Cahal Pech, Belize: Preliminary Analysis of the Animal Remains from the 1994 Field Season. In Belize Valley Preclassic Maya Project: Report on the 1994 Field Season, edited by Healy, Paul F. and Awe, Jaime J., pp. 124–149. Occasional Papers in Anthropology 10. Trent University, Peterborough.Google Scholar
Stanchly, Norbert W. 1999 Preliminary Report on the Preclassic Faunal Remains from Pacbitun, Belize: 1995–1996 Field Seasons. In Belize Valley Preclassic Maya Project: Report on the 1996 and 1997 Field Season, edited by Healy, Paul F. and Awe, Jaime J., pp. 41–52. Occasional Papers in Anthropology 13. Trent University, Peterborough.Google Scholar
Stemp, W. James, and Harrison-Buck, Eleanor 2019 Pre-Maya Lithic Technology in the Wetlands of Belize: The Chipped Stone from Crawford Bank. Lithic Technology 44:183–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stemp, W. James, and Awe, Jaime J. 2013 Possible Variation in the Late Archaic Period Bifaces in Belize: New Finds from the Cayo District of Western Belize. Lithic Technology 38:17–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stemp, W. James, Awe, Jaime J., Prufer, Keith M., and Helmke, Christophe G.B. 2016 Design and Function of Lowe and Sawmill Points from the Preceramic Period of Belize. Latin American Antiquity 273:279–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stemp, W. James, Awe, Jaime J., Kathryn Brown, M., and Garber, James F. 2018a Rock Bottom: Maya Lithic Technology in the Early Terminal to Late Middle Preclassic Periods at Cahal Pech and Blackman Eddy, Cayo District, Belize. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 15:79–91.Google Scholar
Stemp, W. James, Awe, Jaime J., Kathryn Brown, M., Harrison-Buck, Eleanor, Helmke, Christophe G.B., Wrobel, Gabriel D., and Yaeger, Jason 2018b Four Preceramic Points Newly Discovered in Belize: A Comment on Stemp et al. (2016:279–299). Latin American Antiquity 29:394–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stinnesbeck, Sarah R., Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang, Mata, Alejandro Terrazas, Olguín, Jerónimo Avilés, Sanvicente, Martha Benavente, Zell, Patrick, Frey, Eberhard, Lindauer, Susanne, Sandoval, Carmen Rojas, Morlet, Adriana Velázquez, Nuñez, Eugenio Acevez, and González, Arturo González 2018 The Muknal Cave Near Tulum, Mexico: An Early-Holocene Funeral Site on the Yucatán Peninsula. Holocene 28:1992–2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang, Becker, Julia, Hering, Fabio, Frey, Eberhard, González, Arturo González, Fohlmeister, Jens, Stinnesbeck, Sarah, Frank, Norbert, Mata, Alejandro Terrazas, Benavente, Martha Elena, Olguín, Jerónimo Avilés, Núñez, Eugenio Aceves, Zell, Patrick, and Deininger, Michael 2017 The Earliest Settlers of Mesoamerica Date Back to the Late Pleistocene. PLoS ONE 12(8):e0183345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storey, Rebecca 2004 Ancestors: Bioarchaeology of the Human Remains of K'axob. In K'axob: Ritual, Work, and Family in an Ancient Maya Village, edited by McAnany, Patricia A., pp. 109–139. Monumenta Archaeologica 22. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Strelow, Duane, and LeCount, Lisa 2001 Regional Interaction in the Formative Southern Maya Lowlands: Evidence of Olmecoid Stylistic Motifs in a Cunil Ceramic Assemblage from Xunantunich, Belize. Poster presented at the 66th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, April 18–21, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Alan P. III, and Rozen, Kenneth C. 1985 Debitage Analysis and Archaeological Interpretation. American Antiquity 50:755–779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, Lauren A. 1991 Preclassic Domestic Architecture at Colha, Belize. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Lauren A., and Awe, Jaime J. 2013 Establishing the Cunil Ceramic Complex at Cahal Pech, Belize. In Ancient Maya Pottery: Classification, Analysis, and Interpretation, edited by Aimers, James J., pp. 107–120. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, Lauren A., Awe, Jaime J., and Brown, M. Kathryn 2009 Refining the Cunil Ceramic Complex at Cahal Pech Belize. In Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 6:161–168.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Lauren A., Awe, Jaime J., and Brown, M. Kathryn 2018 The Cunil Complex: Early Villages in the Maya Lowlands. In Pathways to Complexity, edited by Brown, M. Kathryn and Bey, George J. III, pp. 35–48. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomka, Steven A. 2001 The Effect of Processing Requirements on Reduction Strategies and Tool Form: A New Perspective. In Lithic Debitage: Context, Form, Meaning, edited by Andrefsky, William Jr., pp. 207–225. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Torrence, Robin 1983 Time Budgeting and Hunter-Gatherer Technology. In Hunter Gatherer Economy in Prehistory: A European Perspective, edited by Bailey, G., pp. 11–22. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Tykot, Robert H., van der Merwe, Nikolaas J., and Hammond, Norman 1996 Stable Isotope Analysis of Bone Collagen, Bone Apatite, and Tooth Enamel in the Reconstruction of Human Diet. In Archaeological Chemistry: Organic, Inorganic, and Biochemical Analysis, edited by Orna, Mary Virginia, pp. 355–365. ACS Symposium Series 625. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valdez, Fred Jr. 1987 The Prehistoric Ceramics of Colha, Northern Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Valdez, Fred Jr. 1994 The Colha Ceramic Complexes. In Continuing Archaeology at Colha Belize, edited by Hester, Thomas R., Shafer, Harry J., and Eaton, Jack D., pp. 6–19. Studies in Archaeology 16. Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin.Google Scholar
Valdez, Fred Jr., and Aylesworth, Grant 2005 A Fluted Paleoindian Point and Other Chipped Stone Tools from August Pine Ridge, Belize. Mono y Conejo 3:35–39.Google Scholar
Valdez, Fred Jr., Sullivan, Lauren A., Buttles, Palma J., and Aebersold, Luisa 2021 The Origins and Identification of the Early Maya from Colha and Northern Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 32:502–518.Google Scholar
van der Merwe, Nikolaas J., Tykot, Robert H., Hammond, Norman, and Oakberg, Kim 2000 Diet and Animal Husbandry of the Preclassic Maya at Cuello, Belize: Isotopic and Zooarchaeological Evidence. In Biogeochemical Approaches to Paleodietary Analysis, edited by Ambrose, Stanley H. and Katzenberg, M. Anne, pp. 24–38. Plenum Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Wahl, David, Byrne, Roger, Schreiner, Thomas, and Hansen, Richard 2006 Holocene Vegetation Change in the Northern Peten and Its Implications for Maya Prehistory. Quaternary Research 65:380–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Debra, Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, and Hernandez, Armando Anaya 2017 Ceramic Spheres at the Crossroads: Trading Goods and Ceramic Ideas at Yaxnohcah, Campeche, Mexico. Paper presented at the 116th American Anthropological Association Meeting, November 29–December 3, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Waters, Michael R., Amorosi, Thomas, and Stafford, Thomas W. Jr. 2015 Redating Fell's Cave, Chile and the Chronological Placement of the Fishtail Projectile Point. American Antiquity 80:376–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, Michael R., Stafford, Thomas W., and Carlson, David L. 2020 The Age of Clovis: 13,050 to 12,750 cal yr b.p. Science Advances 6(43):eaaz0455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weintraub, Boris 1994 Geographica. National Geographic 185(4):April.Google Scholar
Wichmann, Søren, Beliaev, Dmitri, and Davletshin, Albert 2008 Posibles correlaciones lingüísticas y arqueológicas involucrando a los olmecas. In Olmeca: Balance y perspectivas. Memoria de la Primera Mesa Redonda, edited by Uriarte, María Teresa and Lauck, Rebecca B. González, pp. 667–683. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, Fundación Arqueológica del Nuevo Mundo, Brigham Young University, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1970 Type Descriptions of the Ceramics of the Real Xe Complex, Seibal, Peten, Guatemala. In Monographs and Papers in Maya Archaeology 61, edited by Bullard, William R., pp. 313–355. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1973 The Altar de Sacrificios Excavations: General Summary and Conclusions. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 64, No. 3. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R., Culbert, T. Patrick, and Adams, Richard E.W. 1967 Maya Lowland Ceramics: A Report from the 1965 Guatemala City Conference. American Antiquity 32:289–315.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R., Bullard, William R. Jr., Glass, John B., and Gifford, James C. 1965 Prehistoric Maya Settlements in the Belize Valley. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 54. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Wing, Elizabeth S., and Scudder, Sylvia J. 1991 The Exploitation of Animals. In Cuello: An Early Maya Community in Belize, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 84–97. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Winter, Amos, Zanchettin, Davide, Lachniet, Matthew, Vieten, Rolf, Pausata, Francesco S.R., Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier, Cheng, Hai, Lawrence Edwards, R., Miller, Thomas, Rubinetti, Sara, Rubino, Angelo, and Taricco, Carla 2020 Initiation of a Stable Convective Hydroclimatic Regime in Central America Circa 9000 Years b.p. Nature Communications 11(716):1–8. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14490-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wrobel, Gabriel D., Hoggarth, Julie A., and Marshall, Aubree 2021a Before the Maya: A Review of Paleoindian and Archaic Human Skeletons Found in the Maya Region. Ancient Mesoamerica 32:475–485.Google Scholar
Wrobel, Gabriel D., López Pérez, Raúl Alejandro, and Ebert, Claire E. 2021b Life and Death among the Earliest Maya: A Review of Early and Middle Preclassic Burials from the Maya World. Ancient Mesoamerica 32:545–557.Google Scholar
Zeitlin, Robert N. 1984 A Summary Report on Three Seasons of Field Investigations into the Archaic Period Prehistory of Lowland Belize. American Anthropologist 86:358–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeitlin, Robert N., and Zeitlin, Judith Francis 2000 The Paleoindian and Archaic Cultures of Mesoamerica. In The Cambridge History of Native Peoples of the Americas, Volume II: Mesoamerica, edited by Adams, Richard E.W. and MacLeod, Murdo J., pp. 45–121. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Stemp et al. supplementary material

Stemp et al. supplementary material 1

Download Stemp et al. supplementary material(File)
File 43.8 KB
Supplementary material: File

Stemp et al. supplementary material

Stemp et al. supplementary material 2

Download Stemp et al. supplementary material(File)
File 23.4 KB
Supplementary material: File

Stemp et al. supplementary material

Stemp et al. supplementary material 3

Download Stemp et al. supplementary material(File)
File 38.5 KB