Gender Differences in Anti-Gay Prejudice: Evidence for Stability and Change

Kite, Mary E.; Whitley, Jr., Bernard E.; Buxton, Kim; Ballas, Hannah

doi:10.1007/s11199-021-01227-4

Gender Differences in Anti-Gay Prejudice: Evidence for Stability and Change

Original Article
Published: 28 October 2021

Volume 85, pages 721–750, (2021)
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Mary E. Kite ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4821-9891¹,
Bernard E. Whitley, Jr.²,
Kim Buxton³ &
…
Hannah Ballas⁴

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Abstract

In recent years, there has been remarkable change in societal acceptance of lesbians and gay men. This meta-analysis explored whether this positive shift has reduced the gender difference in these attitudes. We tested Kite and Whitley’s (1996) gender belief system model and replicated their finding that heterosexual men held more negative attitudes toward gay people (g. = 0.37, k = 245, N = 98,295), gay behavior (g. = 0.22, k = 68, N = 98,734), and gay civil rights (g. = 0.16, k = 80, N = 89,187). We also found that heterosexual men were more likely to report engaging in anti-gay behavior (g. = 0.53, k = 7, N = 2,509), endorsing gay stereotypes (g. = 0.17, k = 17, N = 6,936), and wanting to avoid contact with gay men (g. = 0.49, k = 7, N = 2,178). However, heterosexual women reported a stronger desire to avoid contact with lesbians than did heterosexual men (g. = -0.36, k = 5, N = 1,339). For the most part, gender differences remained stable over time; the exceptions were attitudes toward same-gender sexual behavior and attitudes toward lesbian and gay civil rights, which showed small increases. Gender differences in anti-gay prejudice were mediated by gender differences in traditional gender-role beliefs. Moderator variables included participant group, type of measure, and target group.

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Availability of Data and Material

All computed effects sizes are included in the supplemental materials. Relevant coding information is also provided in the supplemental materials.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the authors who provided data for our review and the anonymous reviewers who offered insightful feedback on a previous version of our manuscript. We also thank Kinsey Bryant-Lees and Shawnna Walser for their assistance with data checking.

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This project was supported by an assigned leave from the first author’s institution

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Department of Counseling Psychology Social Psychology, and Counseling, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA
Mary E. Kite
Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA
Bernard E. Whitley, Jr.
Office of Institutional Research, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
Kim Buxton
Research and Institutional Effectiveness, Triton College, River Grove, IL, 60171, USA
Hannah Ballas

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Mary E. Kite
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Hannah Ballas
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Study design, effect size coding and computation, and manuscript preparation were completed by the first two authors. The third and fourth authors computed effect sizes, coded studies, and maintained the data bases.

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Studies included in the meta-analysis are indicated by an asterisk (*). See the supplemental materials for lists of the studies used in each analysis.

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Kite, M.E., Whitley, Jr., B.E., Buxton, K. et al. Gender Differences in Anti-Gay Prejudice: Evidence for Stability and Change. Sex Roles 85, 721–750 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-021-01227-4

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Accepted: 10 June 2021
Published: 28 October 2021
Issue Date: December 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-021-01227-4

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Gender Differences in Anti-Gay Prejudice: Evidence for Stability and Change

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Gender Differences in Anti-Gay Prejudice: Evidence for Stability and Change

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Development of Gender Non-Contentedness During Adolescence and Early Adulthood

Systemic racism: individuals and interactions, institutions and society

Gay and Straight Men Prefer Masculine-Presenting Gay Men for a High-Status Role: Evidence From an Ecologically Valid Experiment

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