Recent advances of thermochemical conversion processes for biorefinery

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126109

Bioresource Technology

Volume 343, January 2022, 126109

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126109 Get rights and content

Highlights:

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This study reviews thermochemical conversion processes in lignocellulosic biomass.
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Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising renewable resource.
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Thermochemical conversion processes convert biomass into products at a faster rate.
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Experimental works can be reduced by artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Abstract

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most promising renewable resources and can replace fossil fuels via various biorefinery processes. Through this study, we addressed and analyzed recent advances in the thermochemical conversion of various lignocellulosic biomasses. We summarized the operation conditions and results related to each thermochemical conversion processes such as pyrolysis (torrefaction), hydrothermal treatment, gasification and combustion. This review indicates that using thermochemical conversion processes in biorefineries is techno-economically feasible, easy, and effective compared with biological processes. The challenges experienced in thermochemical conversion processes are also presented in this study for better understanding the future of thermochemical conversion processes for biorefinery. With the aid of artificial intelligence and machine learning, we can reduce time-consumption and experimental work for bio-oil production and syngas production processes.

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Continuously increasing the global consumption of fossil fuels due to huge population and relevant social activities inevitably has resulted in the sharp increase of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere, as well as the sudden rise of the Earth’s surface temperature (Cheah et al., 2020). Warming climate due to an increase in the average Earth’s surface temperature has led to the diminishment of snow and ice, as well as a global average sea level rise. This has also resulted in destructive environmental impacts, posing a threat to the livelihood of Earth (Chai et al., 2021). As a result, sustainable and renewable alternatives to fossil fuels (which release a significant amount of GHGs) are needed. In particular, biomass, which is considered a carbon neutral resource, can be converted into not only heat and electricity but also into valuable chemical products including H₂, CO, CH₄, and so on.

Biomass energy conversion processes can be classified into two broad groups: biochemical and thermochemical. Biochemical conversion processes produce specific products, such as biogas and ethanol (Hasunuma et al., 2014, Lin et al., 2021); the conversion is a relatively slow process, usually taking hours, days, or weeks, depending on the type of feedstock (Bridgwater, 2010). Thermochemical processes can convert biomass into various products within seconds or minutes, and the products can be upgraded or improved using catalysts or subsequent processes. Thermochemical conversion approaches including pyrolysis, torrefaction, hydrothermal treatment, gasification and combustion have been widely developed and applied to valorize biomass into heat, power, biochar, bio-oil, and syngas because those mature processes have been used for the production of heat, power, and chemicals from coal, oil, and natural gas during last two centuries (Zhou et al., 2014, Yek et al., 2021)

As a result, the commercial usage of biomass in thermochemical conversion processes has been underestimated because the price of biomass is more expensive than fossil fuels and some biomass issues such as high moisture contents (>40 wt%), low calorific values (<3,000 kcal/kg) and low conversion ratio still remain unsolved. However, many recent studies have been announced and their results proved that biomass thermochemical conversion processes could be a promising route to produce valuable chemical feedstocks, hydrogen, heat and power.

Lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood pellets, sawdust, stalk, stover, husk, and its related wastes, have been widely investigated and applied to provide heat, power, chemical feedstocks, and biofuels to domestic and industrial sectors. Notably, lignocellulosic biomass has some advantages, such as easy collection and processing, high energy content, and relatively low moisture content. For example, woody biomass accounts for approximately 9% of total energy consumption and contributes 65% to the total renewable energy resources used in bioenergy projects (Lauri et al., 2014). Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising renewable resource for biomass energy conversion processes, owing to its high energy density and favorable chemical properties. In addition, some chemical feedstocks from lignocellulosic biomass via biorefinery processes can economically compete with those from fossil fuels. Several studies have been reported on the use of lignocellulosic biomass in biorefinery processes. The production of bulk products, such as methanol, dimethyl ether, and biodiesel, which are derived from the thermochemical processing of forestry biomass have also been investigated (Kim et al., 2020).

Though there are many studies and promising results for biomass thermochemical energy conversion, comprehensive summaries and reviews on lignocellulosic biorefinery processes using thermochemical conversion paths are not sparsely reported. Herein, we extensively analyze recent developments in thermochemical conversion processes using lignocellulosic biomass for biorefinery, inclusive of the potential use of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bioenergy and chemical compounds as well as the sustainability of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, various thermochemical technologies, their operation and results, and future improvements were analyzed and summarized. The thermochemical conversion process involved consists of pyrolysis (torrefaction), hydrothermal treatment, gasification and combustion. Also, this paper presents a case study with advantages and drawbacks for each thermochemical conversion processes. Thus, our study offers readers a perspective on lignocellulosic biomass conversion via thermochemical conversion for biorefinery.

Section snippets

Recent advances in thermochemical conversion process

Various thermochemical conversions for lignocellulosic biomass are shown in Fig. 1. The context were modified from the original version put forth by Singh et al. (2016). The thermochemical conversion process consists of pyrolysis (torrefaction), hydrothermal treatment, gasification, and combustion. Through pyrolysis and hydrothermal treatment, bio-char and bio-coils can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass. Biochar can be used as an absorbent, catalyst, and electrode and in soil management

Challenges and future perspective

The agricultural biomass, energy grass, and woody biomass can be good candidates for feedstocks for the application of thermochemical conversion processes in biorefinery. The efforts to reduce the biomass feed cost should be developed. These include reducing shipping costs, optimizing biomass collection systems, and developing collection systems. There are two general conceptual modes of bio-refinery operations: 1) centralized conversion and 2) decentralized conversion, both used to minimize

Conclusion

This review summarizes the recent advances in the thermochemical conversion process of lignocellulosic biomass in view of the processes, technologies, co-processes, and applications based on published papers. Four conventional processes (pyrolysis, hydrothermal treatment, gasification, and combustion) were introduced. Pyrolysis (torrefaction) is a good candidate for converting different lignocellulosic biomass types into bio-oil and biochar. Hydrothermal treatment such as hydrothermal

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Myung Won Seo: Conceptualization, Validation, Writing – original draft, Funding acquisition. See Hoon Lee: Conceptualization, Validation, Writing – original draft. Hyungseok Nam: Conceptualization, Validation, Writing – original draft. Doyeon Lee: Conceptualization, Validation, Writing – original draft. Diyar Tokmurzin: Methodology, Writing – original draft. Shuang Wang: Methodology, Writing – original draft. Young Kwon Park: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, Project administration.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry, & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 20193010093000). This work was also supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021R1A2C3011274).

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¹: These authors equally contributed to this study.

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ReviewRecent advances of thermochemical conversion processes for biorefinery

Highlights:

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Recent advances in thermochemical conversion process

Challenges and future perspective

Conclusion

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Declaration of Competing Interest

Acknowledgements

Bioresour. Technol.

Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.

Bioresour. Technol.

Bioresour. Technol.

Energy

Bioresour. Technol.

J. Ind. Eng. Chem.

Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.

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Bioresour. Technol.

Chem. Eng. Process. - Process Intensif.

Energy

Bioresour. Technol.

Fuel

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Chem. Eng. J.

Bioresour. Technol.

Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.

Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.

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Catal. Today

J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis

J. Biosci. Bioeng.

Energy

Bioresour. Technol.

Bioresour. Technol.

Chem. Eng. Sci.

Chemosphere

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Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.

Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.

Biomass and Bioenergy

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Bioresour. Technol.

Fuel

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Bioresour. Technol.

Energy Policy

Waste Manag.

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Bioresour. Technol.

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Bioresour. Technol.

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Energy

Bioresour. Technol.

Bioresour. Technol.

Bioresour. Technol.

Bioresour. Technol.

Review
Recent advances of thermochemical conversion processes for biorefinery