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Electrically controlled nicotine delivery through Carbon nanotube membranes via electrochemical oxidation and nanofluidically enhanced electroosmotic flow

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Abstract

A promising tool for nicotine addiction treatment is a programmable nicotine delivery device coupled to smart phone-assisted behavioral therapies. Key metrics for such a device are delivery of adjustable nicotine doses tailored to individual needs, compact size and power efficiency. Reported here is a detailed optimization of carbon nanotube (CNT) membrane fabrication based on electrochemical oxidation, to improve its electrically driven performance for nicotine fluxes and switching ON (-1.5 V)-OFF (0 V) flux ratio. ON- state nicotine flux of ~ 6 µmoles/cm2/h at -1.5 V applied bias was achieved allowing ~ 6-folds decrease in the size of device (4 cm2) to attain flux equivalent to high dose nicotine gum (1.1 µmoles/cm2/h). Application of + 1.5 V bias in OFF state reduced diffusional background flux, giving an ON (-1.5 V)/OFF (+ 1.5 V) flux ratio of 68 that enabled device to deliver between the highest nicotine gum (1.1 µmoles/cm2/h) and lowest nicotine patch (0.08 µmoles/cm2/h) doses, as well as taper off nicotine doses for long term addiction treatment. The nicotine transport mechanism was studied as a function of pH and applied bias, using neutral tracer molecule, showing a mechanism of both electroosmosis and electrophoresis in the atomically smooth nanofluidic pores of CNTs. Optimal power consumption/flux efficiency of 111(µW/cm2)/µmoles/cm2/h was achieved allowing watch-battery lifetimes of 7–62 days for conventional treatment dosing regimens. Bluetooth-enabled, remotely controlled CNT membrane system has potential for treatments of nicotine, opioid and alcohol addictions that needs dose adjustment with precise temporal control.

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Acknowledgements

Financial support was provided by NIH NIDA (R01DA018822) and Campbell Professorship (UW MSE). Authors would like to thank Lily Berger for assistance in CNT sample preparations and assay development.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Gaurav Kumar Gulati

  2. Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, WA, Seattle, USA

    Bruce Jackson Hinds

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  1. Gaurav Kumar Gulati
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  2. Bruce Jackson Hinds
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Correspondence to Bruce Jackson Hinds.

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Gulati, G.K., Hinds, B.J. Electrically controlled nicotine delivery through Carbon nanotube membranes via electrochemical oxidation and nanofluidically enhanced electroosmotic flow. Biomed Microdevices 23, 48 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10544-021-00580-1

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