Abstract
Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 were carried out for two different elevations (lower elevation (LE) ~ 5–10 m and higher elevation (HE) ~ 30–45 m) at four different locations representing urban background, city center, upwind, and downwind of the Delhi city during January 2017–March 2017. The 24-h average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were varied between 135.2–258.7 and 79.3–120.9 µg/m3, respectively. The average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were found significantly higher at LE than HE. The PM samples were analyzed for ions, elements and carbonaceous matter (EC/OC), and their concentrations (except S, V, As, Ni, Sb, Sr, Ga, elements associated with industrial combustion activities, and NO3−, attributed to high nitrate formation potential at HE) were observed higher in LE than HE at all the study locations. The chemical mass balance model was applied to quantify the source contributions to PM10 and PM2.5 mass at two different elevations. Model identified vehicular emission (diesel, PM10 ~ 8.8–21.7% and PM2.5 ~ 10.5–24.4% and gasoline, PM10 ~ 4.8–15.6% and PM2.5 ~ 6.7–14.8%), industrial residual oil combustion (PM10 ~ 8.8–23.5% and PM2.5 ~ 3.2–10.4%), road dust (PM10 ~ 13.6–22.3% and PM2.5 ~ 8.8–17.8%), soil dust (PM10 ~ 33.8–41.1% and PM2.5 ~ 5.8–8.3%), secondary nitrate (PM10 ~ 6.1–16.2% and PM2.5 ~ 13.4–20.2%), secondary sulfate (PM10 ~ 7.1–12.3% and PM2.5 ~ 10.6–16.7%), and biomass burning (PM10 ~ 6.8–21.8% and PM2.5 ~ 4.9–38.7%) as the main sources of PM10 and PM2.5 mass at both the elevations at all the study sites. The contribution of industrial residual oil combustion, vehicular emission, and secondary nitrate to PM10 and PM2.5 mass was found relatively higher in HE than LE. Results also revealed that biomass burning contributed significantly to PM pollution in the outskirts of Delhi than inside the city. Further, potential source contribution function analysis revealed that there may not be a long-range transport of PM emitted from biomass burning in the upwind region of Delhi during the study period. Shifting to Indian BS VI vehicles and fuel, switching to cleaner fuel in slum households, strict compliance on industries, and regular vacuum cleaning of roads will reduce the severe air quality problem in Delhi.
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The authors would like to thank the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) New Delhi for the support and cooperation to carry out this study.
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Shanmuga Priyan, R., Peter, A.E., Menon, J.S. et al. Vertical distribution of PM10 and PM2.5 emission sources and chemical composition during winter period in Delhi city. Air Qual Atmos Health 15, 255–271 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01092-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01092-w