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Chronic inflammation and long-lasting changes in the gastric mucosa after Helicobacter pylori infection involved in gastric cancer

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Abstract

Objective

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infects approximately half of the world’s population, as one of the most common chronic infections. H. pylori infection has been widely recognized as a major risk factor for gastric cancer (GC).

Methods

Eradication treatment is considered to abolish the inflammatory response and prevent progression to GC. However, only 1–3% of H. pylori-infected patients develop GC, whereas GC can occur even after eradicating H. pylori. In addition, the incidence of GC following H. pylori infection is significantly higher compared to the gross incidence induced by all causes, although eradicating H. pylori reduces the risk of developing GC.

Results

Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that H. pylori infection results in changes that persist even after its eradication. Several of these changes may not be reversible within a short time, including the status of inflammation, the dysfunction of immunity and apoptosis, mitochondrial changes, aging and gastric dysbacteriosis.

Conclusion

The present review article aimed to discuss these potential long-lasting changes induced by H. pylori infection that may follow the eradication of H. pylori and contribute to the development of GC.

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Abbreviations

Cyto C:

Cytochrome c

Apaf-1:

Apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1

MOMP:

Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization

TRAIL:

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

Fasl:

Fas ligand

BID:

BH3-interacting domain death agonist

BAX:

BCL2-associated X

BAK:

BCL2 antagonist/killer 1

MDH:

Malate dehydrogenase

Drp1:

Dynamin-related protein 1

Mfn:

Mitofusin

Opa:

Optic atrophy protein

ETC:

Electron transport chain

mtDNA:

Mitochondrial DNA

mtROS:

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species

PINK1:

PTEN induced kinase 1

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Funding

The present study was supported by the 1·3·5 project for disciplines of excellence Clinical Research Incubation Project, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China (Grant No. 20HXFH016).

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  1. Hang Yang and Bin Wei have contributed equally to this paper.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China

    Hang Yang & Bing Hu

  2. Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Xi’an City, Xi’an, 710002, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China

    Bin Wei

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  1. Hang Yang
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HY contributed to the design and drafting of the manuscript. BW contributed to revising of the manuscript. BH contributed to design and revising of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Bing Hu.

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Yang, H., Wei, B. & Hu, B. Chronic inflammation and long-lasting changes in the gastric mucosa after Helicobacter pylori infection involved in gastric cancer. Inflamm. Res. 70, 1015–1026 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-021-01501-x

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