Abstract
Purpose
There is concern about nitrification inhibitor (NI) residues in soil and pasture plants and their potential entry into food-chain when NIs are applied to pastures to mitigate nitrogen (N) losses. Monitoring of NI residues necessitates development of quantitative methods for their extraction and analysis in soil and pasture samples.
Methods
Modifications were made to published methods for extraction of two commonly used NIs [3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), and 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine (nitrapyrin)], from soil and pasture. Detection and measurement of DMPP and nitrapyrin was via HPLC–UV and GC–MS, respectively. The modifications removed matrix interferences in detection and/or improved extractability. The methods were tested using an Alisol (Manawatū) and an Andosol (Waikato) soil, and pasture from urine patches.
Results
The detection limits in soil and pasture samples were 0.01 and 0.05 mg kg–1 for DMPP and nitrapyrin, respectively. There was high linearity (R2 ≥ 0.998) observed between the amount of NI added and the amount recovered in soil or pasture samples with no influence of urine matrix in recovery. Overall, recovery of both NIs in pasture samples (DMPP – 89% and nitrapyrin – 115%) were higher than those in soils, DMPP being higher in Manawatu soil (65%) than in the Waikato soil (54%), and nitrapyrin higher in Waikato soil (81%) relative to Manawatu soil (71%).
Conclusion
The methods proved reliable, precise, and reproducible for measuring DMPP and nitrapyrin in soil and pasture with or without presence of urine and will be suitable for data collection to establish and meet maximum residue levels.
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Change history
20 October 2021
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05194-3
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Massey University and AgResearch Ltd, NZ, for providing access to field sites for experiments, and to Massey University and John Sykes for HPLC and GCMS facilities, and technical support. Our thanks to co-researchers Peter Berben and Thilak Palmada of Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research (MWLR) NZ Ltd, and to Dr Jiafa Luo, Stuart Lindsey, and Mike Sprosen of AgResearch Ltd who were involved in the GRA project and the field trials for supplying soil and plant samples for the development of the methods. The authors would like to also thank Dr Donna Giltrap and Anne Austin from MWLR NZ Ltd for reviewing and editing this research paper, respectively.
Funding
This research was funded by the NZ Government to support the objectives of the Global Research Alliance (GRA) on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (grant number SOW15-SPIKEY-LCR) and by Strategic Science Investment Fund (SSIF) for Crown Research Institutes from the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment’s Science Innovation Group.
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Adhikari, K.P., Bishop, P. & Saggar, S. Methods for extracting and analysing DMPP and Nitrapyrin in soil and plant samples from grazed pasture. Plant Soil 469, 149–160 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05151-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05151-0