Abstract
The orthodontic kinetic release of metal ions was studied in order to have a conclusive in vivo data for variation of metal ion concentrations with time (month) at normal oral temperature 37°C, which affects the saliva quality and quantity, pH, and chemical and physical characteristics of food and liquid. The superficial breakdown and release of metals from the alloy brackets were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS) images. The kinetic release experiment of the metal ion concentrations (nickel, chromium, titanium, iron, and copper) in the saliva uptakes follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model; the release rate of metal ions was in series Fe2+ > Ti2+ > Ni2+ > Cu2+ > Cr3+, and the highest saliva pH and flow rate were detected after 1 month for fixed orthodontics appliance was (7.16 ± 0.55) and (0.88 ± 0.55) respectively.
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All the saliva specimens were taken from participants.
In vivo kinetic study of 20 participants including ten males and ten females in the age range (15–35) years old with several malocclusion necessity to be treated by fixed orthodontic appliance in Erbil city-Kurdistanregion/Iraq during the period between September 2017 and December 2018.
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Acknowledgements
My deepest appreciation and gratitude to the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Directorate of Quality Assurance Accreditation, and Higher Education Council of Salahaddin University and Hawler Medical University-Erbil, and I would like to appreciate the Ministry of Health in the Kurdistan region, Rizgary Hospital Erbil, and all the participants in this medical scientific work.
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This study was funded by [me].
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The author contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by [Shireen Ibrahim Hamadamin]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [Shireen Ibrahim Hamadamin] and I read and approved the final manuscript.
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The key points relating to ethics approval in this research taking permission from 20 human subjects is not harm.
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Hamadamin, S.I. In vivo kinetic release of five metal ions (iron, titanium, nickel, copper, and chromium) from fixed orthodontic alloys in Erbil city-Kurdistan region/Iraq. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 11730–11735 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16479-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16479-6