Effects of sintering temperature on microstructure, initial permeability and electric behaviour of Ni-Mn-Zn ferrites
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Soft magnetic ferrites have been subjected to detailed investigation for their electromagnetic properties which find use in technological applications such as transformer core, multilayered chip inductors (MLCIs), information storage systems, electronic communication, computer circuitry, microwave filters, etc. [[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]]. The electromagnetic properties of spinel ferrites are much better and more practicable over pure metal due to their high electrical resistivity, excellent magnetic permeability and, availability of simple and easy preparation routes, which lowers the processing cost. Furthermore, the spinel class ferrites exhibit high corrosion resistance and excellent thermal stability. Among, the spinel ferrite system, the Ni-Zn ferrites, and Mn-Zn ferrites have been investigated extensively for their electric, dielectric, magnetization as well as permeability properties which are important in specific applications [[6], [7], [8], [9]]. The Mn-Zn ferrites with low electrical resistivity and high magnetic permeability are useful for low frequency applications [[10], [11], [12]] while, the Ni-Zn ferrites with high resistivity and relatively low permeability are suitable for high frequency applications [[13], [14], [15]]. However, for the best performance in high frequency applications, ferrites with high permeability as well as high resistivity are indispensable. This has initiated a lot of research work on various mixed Ni-Mn-Zn ferrite compositions to synthesize materials with better permeability and resistivity characteristics [[16], [17], [18], [19], [20]]. It is a well known fact that the electromagnetic properties of spinel ferrites are controlled by the particle/grain size, microstructure, heat treatment (during synthesis), and cation distribution-rearrangements (during sintering) among the tetrahedral [A] and octahedral [B] interstices in the cubic lattice. These characteristics ultimately depend on the synthesis technique employed and hence there has been a lot of focus on the development of the novel synthetic routes to improve upon the electromagnetic characteristics. Various synthetic approaches adopted by the different researchers include, citrate precursor method [16], co-precipitation [[17], [18], [19]], sol-gel [20,21], combustion [21], precursor combustion method [22,23] etc. The precursor combustion method which utilizes hydrazinated carboxylate precursors has been employed for the synthesis of various materials including spinel ferrites [[21], [22], [23]] due to the autocatalytic decomposition and self-propagating combustion of these precursors. Moreover, the mixed metal oxides are formed at relatively lower temperatures. To the best of our knowledge, the structural and electromagnetic properties of mixed Ni0.5-xMnxZn0.5Fe2O4 (0.0 < x < 0.5) ferrites at lower sintering temperature from 1100 °C to 1250 °C with an interval of 50 °C is not reported so far. Here, we are reporting the effects of sintering temperature on the microstructure, electric, and initial permeability of Ni0.5-xMnxZn0.5Fe2O4 (0.0 < x < 0.5) ferrites processed using the fumarato hydrazinate precursor combustion method.
Section snippets
Synthesis of Ni0.5-xMnxZn0.5Fe2O4 (0.0 < x < 0.5)
The manganese substituted nickel zinc ferrites, Ni0.5-xMnxZn0.5Fe2O4 (0.0 < x < 0.5) ferrites were prepared using the fumarato hydrazinate precursor combustion method. All the reagents used in the synthesis were analytical grade. In a typical synthesis, the yellow coloured precipitate of nickel manganese zinc ferrous fumarato hydrazinate complex was obtained by adding an aqueous solution of mixed metal chlorides to an aqueous solution of sodium fumarate-hydrazine hydrate mixture under the N2
X-ray diffraction measurements
The XRD patterns of Ni0.5-xMnxZn0.5Fe2O4 (0.0 < x < 0.5) ferrites sintered at the 1100 oC and 1250 oC are represented in Fig. 1a and 1b, respectively, while the XRD patterns of ferrites sintered at the 1150 oC and 1200 oC are given in Fig. S1(a-b). The XRD patterns indicate the formation of cubic spinel structure [17] except for a composition x = 0.5 sintered at 1100 °C and 1150 °C. For composition x = 0.5, small impurity peaks observed at 2θ = 24.4°, 33.1°, 36.4° and 54.1° were indexed to the
Conclusions
Ni-Mn-Zn ferrite compositions processed using the precursor combustion method are found to exhibit improved electrical and initial permeability behaviour. Monophasic mixed Ni-Mn-Zn ferrites can be obtained at the lower sintering temperature of 1100 °C. Mn substitution is found to increase the lattice parameter Ni-Zn ferrites as revealed by the XRD measurement. The EDS measurement has confirmed very low zinc losses in all the sintered compositions. The room temperature dc resistivity of the
CRediT authorship contribution statement
U.B. Gawas: Conceptualization, Software, Validation, Investigation, Writing – original draft. V.M.S. Verenkar: Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Project administration. V.T. Vader: Data curation. Anil Jain: Software, Investigation. Sher Singh Meena: Software, Investigation, Writing – review & editing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
One of the authors, UBG would like to thank the Directorate of Higher Education, Government of Goa for financial assistance wide Grant No. 9/328/2026-17/SPSE-PP/DHE/3607. We would like to thank DST, New Delhi for financial support through Nano Mission Project, No. SR/NM/NS/-86/2009 and also under FIST. Also, we would like to acknowledge, Mr. V. D. Khedekar, Principal Technical Officer, and Mr. Girish Prabhu, Senior Technical Officer, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula-Goa for
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