Abstract
Hemolymph is one of the main tissues providing invertebrates’ immunity and homeostasis. Earlier, we showed that some of the hemolymph immune parameters of the common Far Eastern mollusk Modiolus kurilensis are sensitive to bacterial and anthropogenic challenges. In this work, a number of cellular parameters such as total hemocyte count (THC), hemocyte phagocytic activity (PA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and humoral parameters such as hemagglutination (HA) and hemolytic (HL) activity of plasma, as well as its protein concentration (CP) and profiling in M. kurilensis were studied depending on the season and environmental indicators (temperature, salinity, and oxygen concentration). The total hemocyte count was weakly correlated with water oxygen concentration (R = –0.25) and temperature (R = 0.27), and the 36 kDa plasma protein was weakly correlated with temperature (R = –0.33). Also, there was a correlation (R = 0.38) between hemagglutination activity and the 19 kDa protein fraction. The minimum values for a number of parameters were noted in January (THC, PA, ROS, HA, HL), while the maximum values were observed in late spring (THC, PA, ROS, HA, HL). At the same time, in other months, these and most other parameters had metastable values. Thus, the indicators that were identified in previous studies (THC, PA, ROS, HA, HL, CP, protein fractions 55 and 124 kDa) are suitable for assessing the physiological state of M. kurilensis during most of the year.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Carballal, M.J., López, C., Azevedo, C., et al., Enzymes involved in defense functions of hemocytes of Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 1997, vol. 70, pp. 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1997.4670
Carballal, M.J., Villalba, A., and López, C., Seasonal variation and effects of age, food availability, size, gonadal development, and parasitism on the hemogram of Mytilus galloprovincialis, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 1998, vol. 72, pp. 304–312. https://doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1998.4779
Malagoli, D., Casarini, L., and Ottaviani, E., Monitoring of the immune efficiency of Mytilus galloprovincialis in Adriatic sea mussel farms in 2006: Regular changes of cytotoxicity during the year, Invertebr. Survival J., 2007, vol. 4, pp. 10–12.
Novas, A., Barcia, R., and Ramos-Martínez, J.I., Nitric oxide production by haemocytes from Mytilus galloprovincialis shows seasonal variations, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 2007, vol. 23, pp. 886–891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2007.04.007
Schmidt, W., Power, E., and Quinn, B., Seasonal variations of biomarker responses in the marine blue mussel (Mytilus spp.), Mar. Pollut. Bull., 2013, vol. 74, pp. 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.07.033
Soudant, P., Paillard, C., Choquet, G., et al., Impact of season and rearing site on the physiological and immunological parameters of the Manila clam Venerupis (=Tapes, =Ruditapes) philippinarum, Aquaculture, 2004, vol. 229, pp. 401–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00352-1
Mitta, G., Vandenbulcke, F., and Roch, P., Original involvement of antimicrobial peptides in mussel innate immunity, FEBS Lett., 2000, vol. 486, pp. 185–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(00)02192-X
Montes, J.F., Durfort, M., and García-Valero, J., Cellular defence mechanism of the clam Tapes semidecussatus against infection by the protozoan Perkinsus sp., Cell Tissue Res., 1995, vol. 279, pp. 529–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00318165
Cheng, T.C., Bivalves, in Invertebrate Blood Cells, Ratcliffe, N.A. and Rowley, A.F., Eds., London: Academic Press, 1981, pp. 233–300.
Ottaviani, E., Franchini, A., Barbieri, D., et al., Comparative and morphofunctional studies on Mytilus galloprovincialis hemocytes: Presence of two aging-related hemocyte stages, Ital. J. Zool., 1998, vol. 65, pp. 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250009809386772
Wootton, E.C., Dyrynda, E.A., and Ratcliffe, N.A., Bivalve immunity: Comparisons between the marine mussel (Mytilus edulis), the edible cockle (Cerastoderma edule) and the razor-shell (Ensis siliqua), Fish Shellfish Immunol., 2003, vol. 15, pp. 195–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-4648(02)00161-4
Ottaviani, E., Molluscan immunorecognition, Invertebr. Survival J., 2006, vol. 15, pp. 50–63.
Luna-Acosta, A., Bustamante, P., Budzinski, H., et al., Persistent organic pollutants in a marine bivalve on the Marennes–Oléron Bay and the Gironde Estuary (French Atlantic Coast)-Part 2: Potential biological effects, Sci. Total Environ., 2015, vol. 514, pp. 511–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.050
Espinosa Ruiz, C., Morghese, M., Renda, G., et al., Effects of BDE-47 exposure on immune-related parameters of Mytilus galloprovincialis, Aquat. Toxicol., 2019, vol. 215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105266
Matozzo, V., Da Ros, L., Ballarin, L., et al., Functional responses of haemocytes in the clam Tapes philippinarum from the Lagoon of Venice: Fishing impact and seasonal variations, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 2003, vol. 60, pp. 949–958. https://doi.org/10.1139/f03-084
Donaghy, L. and Volety, A.K., Functional and metabolic characterization of hemocytes of the green mussel, Perna viridis: In vitro impacts of temperature, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 2011, vol. 31, pp. 808–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2011.07.018
Franco-Martínez, L., Martínez-Subiela, S., Escribano, D., et al., Alterations in haemolymph proteome of Mytilus galloprovincialis mussel after an induced injury, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 2018, vol. 75, pp. 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.038
Wang, Y., Hu, M., Cheung, S.G., et al., Chronic hypoxia and low salinity impair anti-predatory responses of the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis, Mar. Environ. Res., 2012, vol. 77, pp. 84–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.02.006
Wang, Y., Hu, M., Cheung, S.G., et al., Immune parameter changes of hemocytes in green-lipped mussel Perna viridis exposure to hypoxia and hyposalinity, Aquaculture, 2012, vols. 356–357, pp. 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.06.001
Duchemin, M.B., Fournier, M., and Auffret, M., Seasonal variations of immune parameters in diploid and triploid Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), Aquaculture, 2007, vol. 264, pp. 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.12.030
Kumeiko, V.V., Sokolnikova, Y.N., Grinchenko, A.V., et al., Immune state correlates with histopathological level and reveals molluscan health in populations of Modiolus kurilensis by integral health index (IHI), J. Invertebr. Pathol., 2018, vol. 154, pp. 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2018.03.014
Sokolnikova, Y.N., Trubetskaya, E.V., Beleneva, I.A., Grinchenko, A.V., and Kumeiko, V.V., Fluorescent in vitro phagocytosis assay differentiates hemocyte activity of the bivalve molluscs Modiolus kurilensis (Bernard, 1983) inhabiting impacted and non-impacted water areas, Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 2015, vol. 154, pp. 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106307401502011X
Grinchenko, A.V., Sokolnikova, Y.N., Korneiko, D.D., et al., Dynamics of the immune response of the horse mussel Modiolus kurilensis (Bernard, 1983) following challenge with heat-inactivated bacteria, J. Shellfish Res., 2015, vol. 34, pp. 909–917. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.034.0321
Ishikawa, H., Takahashi, G., and Katsuyoshi, M., Annual changes in maturation of the gonad and phagocytic activity in hemocytes of the pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Onagawa Bay, Miyagi prefecture, Aquacult. Sci., 1999, vol. 47, pp. 519–525.
Flye-Sainte-Marie, J., Soudant, P., Lambert, C., et al., Variability of the hemocyte parameters of Ruditapes philippinarum in the field during an annual cycle, J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol., 2009, vol. 377, pp. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2009.06.003
Vaschenko, M.A., Kovaleva, A.L., Syasina, I.G., et al., Reproduction-related effects of green alga Coccomyxa sp. infestation in the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 2013, vol. 113, pp. 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2013.02.003
Rodovets, A.V. and Khristoforova, N.K., Density dynamics of commercial bivalves larvae in plankton of the Minonosok Bight and Vostok Bay (Japan Sea), Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2008, vol. 153, pp. 201–214.
Gajbhiye, D.S. and Khandeparker, L., Immunoecology of the short neck clam Paphia malabarica (Chemnitz, 1782) in a tropical monsoon-influenced estuary, Mar. Environ. Res., 2019, vol. 143, pp. 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.11.004
Carballal, M.J., Villalba, A., and López, C., Seasonal variation and effects of age, food availability, size, gonadal development, and parasitism on the hemogram of Mytilus galloprovincialis, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 1998, vol. 72, pp. 304–312. https://doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1998.4779
Duchemin, M.B., Fournier, M., and Auffret, M., Seasonal variations of immune parameters in diploid and triploid Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), Aquaculture, 2007, vol. 264, pp. 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.12.030
Bussell, J.A., Gidman, E.A., Causton, D.R., et al., Changes in the immune response and metabolic fingerprint of the mussel, Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus) in response to lowered salinity and physical stress, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 2008, vol. 358, pp. 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.01.018
Hauton, C., Hawkins, L.E., and Hutchinson, S., The effects of salinity on the interaction between a pathogen (Listonella anguillarum) and components of a host (Ostrea edulis) immune system, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part B: Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2000, vol. 127, pp. 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0491(00)00251-0
Yu, J., Choi, M., Park, K., et al., Effects of anoxia on immune functions in the surf clam Mactra veneriformis, Zool. Stud., 2010, vol. 49, pp. 94–101.
Chen, M., Yang, H., Delaporte, M., et al., Immune condition of Chlamys farreri in response to acute temperature challenge, Aquaculture, 2007, vol. 271, pp. 479–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.051
Mosca, F., Narcisi, V., Calzetta, A., et al., Effects of high temperature and exposure to air on mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lmk 1819) hemocyte phagocytosis: Modulation of spreading and oxidative response, Tissue Cell, 2013, vol. 45, pp. 198–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2012.12.002
Rahman, M.A., Henderson, S., Miller-Ezzy, P., et al., Immune response to temperature stress in three bivalve species: Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and mud cockle Katelysia rhytiphora, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 2019, vol. 86, pp. 868–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.017
Bibby, R., Widdicombe, S., Parry, H., et al., Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, Aquat. Biol., 2008, vol. 2, pp. 67–74. https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00037
Santarem, M.M., Robledo, J.A.F., and Figueras, A., Seasonal changes in hemocytes and serum defense factors in the blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, Dis. Aquat. Organ., 1994, vol. 18, pp. 217–222. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao018217
Wang, Q., Wang, C., Mu, C., et al., A novel C-type lysozyme from Mytilus galloprovincialis: Insight into innate immunity and molecular evolution of invertebrate C-type lysozymes, PLoS One, 2013, vol. 8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067469
Zhao, J., Qiu, L., Ning, X., et al., Cloning and characterization of an invertebrate type lysozyme from Venerupis philippinarum, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part B: Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2010, vol. 156. pp. 56–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.02.001
Xue, Q.G., Itoh, N., Schey, K.L., et al., A new lysozyme from the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) indicates adaptive evolution of i-type lysozymes, Cell Mol. Life Sci., 2007, vol. 64, pp. 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-006-6386-y
Itoh, N., Xue, Q.G., Li, Y., et al., cDNA cloning and tissue expression of plasma lysozyme in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 2007, vol. 23, pp. 957–968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2007.03.006
Dai, W., Wu, D., Zhang, M., et al., Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a novel i-type lysozyme in the freshwater mussel Cristaria plicata, Microbiol. Immunol., 2015, vol. 59, pp. 744–755. https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12341
Yue, X., Liu, B., and Xue, Q., An i-type lysozyme from the Asiatic hard clam Meretrix meretrix potentially functioning in host immunity, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 2011, vol. 30, pp. 550–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2010.11.022
Liu, S., Jiang, X., Hu, X., et al., Effects of temperature on non-specific immune parameters in two scallop species: Argopecten irradians (Lamarck 1819) and Chlamys farreri (Jones & Preston 1904), Aquacult. Res., 2004, vol. 35, pp. 678–682. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01065.x
Kim, H.J., Lee, J.H., Hur, Y.B., et al., Marine antifreeze proteins: Structure, function, and application to cryopreservation as a potential cryoprotectant, Mar. Drugs, 2017, vol. 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/md15020027
Graham, L.A., Boddington, M.E., Holmstrup, M., et al., Antifreeze protein complements cryoprotective dehydration in the freeze-avoiding springtail Megaphorura arctica, Sci Rep., 2020, vol. 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60060-z
Ciacci, C., Fabbri, R., Betti, M., et al., Seasonal changes in functional parameters of the hemolymph of Mytilus galloprovincialis, Invertebr. Survival J., 2009, vol. 6, pp. 44–48.
Lacroix, C., Duvieilbourg, E., Guillou, N., et al., Seasonal monitoring of blue mussel (Mytilus spp.) populations in a harbor area: A focus on responses to environmental factors and chronic contamination, Mar. Environ. Res., 2017, vol. 129, pp. 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.04.008
Funding
This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (project no. 0657-2020-0004).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Statement on the welfare of animals. All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.
Additional information
The article is published in the original.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grinchenko, A.V., Sokolnikova, Y.N., Ilyaskina, D.V. et al. Seasonal Changes in Hemolymph Parameters of the Bivalve Modiolus kurilensis Bernard, 1983 from Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan. Russ J Mar Biol 47, 300–311 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063074021040052
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063074021040052