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Conformance of sowing dates for maximizing heat use efficiency and seed cotton yield in arid to semi-arid cotton zone of Pakistan

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Abstract

Pakistan is placed among the most vulnerable countries with relation to climate change and its impacts on agricultural productivity. Cotton is staged as the cash crop of the country and the main source of raw material for textile, oil, and feed industry. Varying environmental attributes have significant effects on the duration of vegetative and reproductive stages of cotton crop. To evaluate the potential impacts of varied temperatures regimes in different sowing times, field experiments were carried out throughout the cotton growing areas of Pakistan from Faisalabad in Central Punjab to RYK in Southern Punjab and Sakrand in Sindh to Dera Ismail Khan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Province. Crop was sown on six different sowing dates starting from 1st March towards 15th May with 2-week intervals for two crop seasons (2016 and 2017). The timing of phenological events like emergence, squaring, flowering, and boll opening was recorded on calendar days and cumulative heat units (GDDs) were calculated for flowering and boll opening stages. Heat use efficiency for these sowing times was estimated. Data regarding yield-related parameters like opened bolls per plant, average boll weight, and seed cotton yield were also recorded during the study. Results revealed that duration of the growth stages was significantly affected by variation in mean thermal kinetics in varied sowing times in all four different environments. Seed cotton yield and heat use efficiency were also varied among the locations and sowing dates. The maximum seed cotton yield was recorded in Sakrand location at 15th April sowing date. The dependence of the phenological advancement on temperature and negative impacts of higher thermal stress on cotton productivity were also confirmed throughout the cotton growing zone of Pakistan.

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Acknowledgements

This publication is a part of PhD studies project of the 1st author. The 1st author is highly thankful to Punjab Agriculture Department for nominating to higher studies at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Financial support from Higher Education Commission of Pakistan under HEC-Indigenous Scholarship Program, Batch-III Phase II for the study is highly acknowledged. Contribution of Dr Ashfaq ahmad, the PI of the project and Dr Hassan munir of Agronomy for provision of climatic datasets through the Pakistan meteorological department was helpful.

Author information

The authors belong to University of Agriculture Faisalabad, their professional profiles are also available on university website and can be searched at www.uaf.edu.pk.

Funding

The Higher Education Commission of Pakistan through its project “Indigenous 5000 PhD fellowship program Batch III-Phase II” to support higher studies at university level and Project funded by the Agricultural linkages program of Pakistan Agricultural research council, Islamabad, on a competitive grant basis titled “Optimization of production technology of Bt Cotton in Pakistan.”

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Akhlaq Mudassir, Fahd Rasul & Tasneem Khaliq

  2. Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Yaseen

Authors
  1. Muhammad Akhlaq Mudassir
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  2. Fahd Rasul
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  3. Tasneem Khaliq
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  4. Muhammad Yaseen
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Contributions

MAM—is the main executer of this research, who sampled, analyzed, and travelled to different areas in different seasons for the collection of plant dat from sowing to harvesting.

FR—acted as supervisor of study, he planned the thematic layout, assessment of seasonal variation as well as spatio-temporal assessments, provided lab facilities and helped with field studies as well.

TK—played important role in funding provision for travelling, sampling, laboratory chemical analysis, statistical analysis and eco-physiological aspect studies along with guidelines to synchronize the project and this study objectives achievements.

MY—acted as co supervisor of the study, helped with data analysis in his lab, data interpretation and analytical work guidance for assessment.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fahd Rasul.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Mudassir, M.A., Rasul, F., Khaliq, T. et al. Conformance of sowing dates for maximizing heat use efficiency and seed cotton yield in arid to semi-arid cotton zone of Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 11359–11373 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16067-8

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