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Amlodipine removal via peroxymonosulfate activated by carbon nanotubes/cobalt oxide (CNTs/Co3O4) in water

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Abstract

Amlodipine (AML) is an effective drug that has been widely used for hypertension and angina. However, AML is frequently detected in aqueous environments, posing potential risks to human and ecological health. In this study, the degradation of AML via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activated by CNTs/Co3O4 was investigated. CNTs/Co3O4 was prepared via a facile method, and multiple characterizations suggested that Co3O4 were uniformly dispersed on the surface of MWCNTs-COOH. Experimental results indicated that complete removal of 10 μM AML was achieved within 30 min by using 2 mg/L CNTs/Co3O4 and 4 μM PMS at 25 °C in PBS buffered solution (pH 7.0). The observed pseudo-first-order rate constant was calculated to be 0.1369 min−1. Interestingly, the presence of 100 mM Cl− resulted in a slight enhancement of AML removal rate from 0.0528 to 0.0642 min−1. The addition of 100 mM HCO3−, 5 mg/L Pony Lake fulvic acid (PLFA), or Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) retarded AML degradation by 15.5, 0.7, and 1.6 times, respectively. As per the quenching experiments, SO4⦁− rather than ⦁OH were verified to be the dominant reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, ten major intermediates were identified using TOF-LC-MS and three associated reaction pathways including ether bond broken, H-abstraction, and hydroxylation were proposed. We outlook these findings to advance the feasibility of organic contaminants removal via CNTs/Co3O4 + PMS systems that have extremely low-level PMS.

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank anonymous reviewers for their comments, which improved the article greatly.

Funding

This work was supported by the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2018M632783 and 2018M642758), the Scientific Research Foundation of Henan Normal University (5101219470210, 2021PL26), and Henan provincial key science and technology research project (212102210475).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, 453007, People’s Republic of China

    Jianbiao Peng, Yu Chang, Zhexi Wang, Jin Liu, Shiyin Wang, Yakun Zhang, Jialu Shi, Haijin Liu, Guangxuan Yan & Zhiguo Cao

  2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing, 210042, People’s Republic of China

    Ya Zhang

  3. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China

    Shuai Shao & Shixiang Gao

  4. College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China

    Dexin Liu

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  1. Jianbiao Peng
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  2. Yu Chang
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  3. Zhexi Wang
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  4. Jin Liu
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  6. Ya Zhang
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Contributions

J.P. contributed to the conception and design of the experiment. Y.C., Z.W., J.L., and S.W. carried out the experiments and wrote the manuscript text. Y.Z. contributed to the writing of the manuscript. S.S. performed the TOF-LC-MS analysis. D.L., Y.Z., J.S., H.L., G.Y., Z.C., and S.G. contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jianbiao Peng or Ya Zhang.

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Peng, J., Chang, Y., Wang, Z. et al. Amlodipine removal via peroxymonosulfate activated by carbon nanotubes/cobalt oxide (CNTs/Co3O4) in water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 11091–11100 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16399-5

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