Characterization and bioactivities of silver nanoparticles green synthesized from Vietnamese Ganoderma lucidum
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Representing the intersection of biotechnology and nanotechnology, the emergence of nanobiotechnology in recent years has garnered considerable interest globally as a novel epoch in material science fields. Among these, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been one of the most intriguing areas of study because of their broad applications in numerous fields such as electronics, chemicals, adsorption, catalysis, and medicine [1]. This is mainly due to the distinguished properties of silver at the nanoscale in terms of optical, mechanical, electronic, chemical, medicinal, and magnetic characteristics compared with its metal or salt forms [2]. Assorted methods for obtaining colloidal AgNPs have been investigated using several synthesis protocols like chemical reduction [3], sonochemical [4], electrochemical [5], microwave irradiation [6,7], and spray pyrolysis [8]. However, the utilization of physicochemical methods poses great environmental concern due to the high consumption of energy and the use of hazardous solvents such as hydrazine hydrate or sodium borohydride (NaBH4) [2].
Gaining more traction over other classical routes due to the availability of more biological entities and due to environmentally benign procedures, the production of AgNPs through green approaches has evolved as an imperative branch of nanotechnology [9,10]. Since then, biosynthesis of AgNPs from plant crude extracts of the multifarious plant parts-ranging from leaves, roots to fruiting bodies and barks, owing to the presence of various novel secondary metabolites which can act as stabilizing and reducing agents for the nano–sized particle synthesis – was reported with better–defined size and morphology [11,12]. Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), a woody–texture mushroom belonging to the family of Ganodermaceae of the Aphyllophorals, can be mostly found growing on living and dead wood species like Erythrophleum fordii in nature [13]. Having long–lasting fame in traditional Asian medicine, this type of mushroom is believed to promote health and extend longevity while processing many pharmacological and biological activities, for instance, the antioxidant, antitumor, and antimicrobial effects [14]. With numerous existing metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, and phenolic compounds mainly accountable for the reduction of silver precursors and stabilization of nanoparticles, it has been recorded that the use of plant extracts for generating nanoparticles is simpler in comparison to the use of whole plant or plant tissue extracts [14, 15].
In medical areas, AgNPs have gained popularity thanks to their inherent antimicrobial properties on a diverse range of microorganisms [16, 17]. Following previous studies, the bacterial adaptability to previously designed antibiotics could lead to the threat of antibiotic resistance [18, 19, 20]. The successful employment of plant–based synthesis of silver nanoparticles is found to suppress the growth of human pathogen bacteria and militate against the menace of antibiotic–resistant strains of bacteria [9]. The reaction mechanism may involve the nanoparticle – cell wall interactions, resulting in the influence on DNA and protein [21]. Additionally, two prevailing ways of cancer treatment, namely chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are known to lead to unexpected side effects to the living cells of the body [22]. Applications of AgNPs with high efficacy for apoptosis induction in cancer cells have been reported [23,24] subsequently, studies on biological activities of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were implemented in comparison to their respective crude extracts [25,26].
In this study, a solution of AgNO3 was used as a precursor with Vietnamese G. lucidum extract for the synthesis of colloidal AgNPs. The extract was prepared by suspending dried ground fruiting body parts of mushrooms in aqueous ethanol assisted with ultrasonic waves. Different conditions for the AgNPs green synthesis were then investigated under hydrothermal treatment, which is known as an efficient method for the processing of nano–sized materials. The AgNPs–incorporated extract obtained was assessed in terms of bioactivities concerning the antioxidant activity using 2,2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and antimicrobial activity by optical density and plate colony–counting methods, as well as the cytotoxicity potential against the human epidermic carcinoma cancer cell line (KB) using thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
Section snippets
Materials and chemicals
Vietnamese G. lucidum purchased from An Nhon Tay Commune, Cu Chi District, Ho Chi Minh City. The dried fruiting body of the crude material was cut into small slices and ground to size with a blender. Folin–Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, 98% standard ursolic acid, 98% standard quercetin, and 70–72% perchloric acid for analysis were purchased from Merck, Ltd., Vietnam. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) and 2,2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl (C18H12N5O6–DPPH) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., USA. Glacial
Phytochemical identification
After the extraction process, the crude extract was obtained and stored for characteristic analysis to identify and discover the components present in the extract responsible for the reduction ability of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Based on colorimetric methods, the results showed that triterpenoid, polyphenol, and flavonoid compounds existed in the G. lucidum extract. FTIR results also highlighted the presence of OH and amide groups, which indicates the extract may have reducing and
Conclusions
In this work, AgNPs were successfully synthesized from G. lucidum crude extracts with an environmentally benign, straightforward, and easily scaled–up procedure. The presence of obtained AgNPs was proved by the SPR peak at 413 nm using the UV–Vis spectra, followed by their full characterization by LC–MS, FE–SEM, HR–TEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses. The study confirmed the formation of spherical AgNPs with an average size of 11.38 ± 5.51 nm, and metabolites of the extract were recorded to act as both
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Tran Do Dat: Visualization, Data curation, Formal analysis. Nguyen Duc Viet: Visualization, Data curation, Formal analysis. Nguyen Minh Dat: Visualization, Data curation, Formal analysis. Phan Le Thao My: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Doan Ba Thinh: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Lu Thi Mong Thy: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Le Minh Huong: Writing – review & editing. Pham Tan Khang: Writing – review & editing. Nguyen Duy
Declaration of Competing Interest
We confirm that this work is original and has not been published elsewhere, nor is it currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. We have no conflicts of interest to disclose. This paper was written by listed authors who are all aware of its content and approve its submission.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM for the support of time and facilities for this study.
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