Elsevier

Surfaces and Interfaces

Volume 27, December 2021, 101453
Surfaces and Interfaces

Characterization and bioactivities of silver nanoparticles green synthesized from Vietnamese Ganoderma lucidum

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101453Get rights and content

Abstract

In this study, the utilization of Vietnamese Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) extract was scrutinized under different operational conditions including reaction time, AgNO3:extract mass ratio, and reaction temperature to establish a rapid, cost–effective, and eco–friendly method with a high yield rate and nanoparticle stabilization. The characterization showed that the as–synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were well–crystalline with an average size of 11.38 ± 5.51 nm. Meanwhile, the Fourier–transform infrared spectrometry of AgNPs and extract samples showed the absorption bands including –OH stretching, symmetric aliphatic bending, and C–OH stretching vibrations belonging to the presence of polyphenols, triterpenoids, and polysaccharides, respectively. These bands reveal an astounding decline in the polyphenol, triterpenoid, and flavonoid content of the crude G. lucidum extracts, which is consistent with the results obtained from colorimetric methods. In liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry of AgNPs and extract samples, various peaks were detected and they shared significant differences in intensity after the reaction. As a result, the phytochemicals from G. lucidum extracts were confirmed to play the role of reducing silver ions to AgNPs and act as a capping agent to stabilize the colloid mixture. In the biological tests, the colloidal AgNPs demonstrated an extraordinary antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, and Candida albicans, with IC50 values of 17.97, 17.06, 1.32, 54.69, and 27.78 µg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of AgNPs was evaluated using 2,2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl free radical reagent (IC50 = 447.120 ± 0.084 µg/mL). In addition, the colloidal AgNPs possessed better anticancer activity against the human epidermic carcinoma cancer cell line (KB) with IC50 values of 190.06 ± 3.62 µg/mL when compared to the crude extract. The results of the bioactivity evaluations exhibited the potential utilization of G. lucidum extract as a natural source for the colloidal AgNPs biosynthesis and their application in various areas, particularly as an antimicrobial agent in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic product preservation to combat bacterial infection.

Introduction

Representing the intersection of biotechnology and nanotechnology, the emergence of nanobiotechnology in recent years has garnered considerable interest globally as a novel epoch in material science fields. Among these, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been one of the most intriguing areas of study because of their broad applications in numerous fields such as electronics, chemicals, adsorption, catalysis, and medicine [1]. This is mainly due to the distinguished properties of silver at the nanoscale in terms of optical, mechanical, electronic, chemical, medicinal, and magnetic characteristics compared with its metal or salt forms [2]. Assorted methods for obtaining colloidal AgNPs have been investigated using several synthesis protocols like chemical reduction [3], sonochemical [4], electrochemical [5], microwave irradiation [6,7], and spray pyrolysis [8]. However, the utilization of physicochemical methods poses great environmental concern due to the high consumption of energy and the use of hazardous solvents such as hydrazine hydrate or sodium borohydride (NaBH4) [2].

Gaining more traction over other classical routes due to the availability of more biological entities and due to environmentally benign procedures, the production of AgNPs through green approaches has evolved as an imperative branch of nanotechnology [9,10]. Since then, biosynthesis of AgNPs from plant crude extracts of the multifarious plant parts-ranging from leaves, roots to fruiting bodies and barks, owing to the presence of various novel secondary metabolites which can act as stabilizing and reducing agents for the nano–sized particle synthesis – was reported with better–defined size and morphology [11,12]. Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), a woody–texture mushroom belonging to the family of Ganodermaceae of the Aphyllophorals, can be mostly found growing on living and dead wood species like Erythrophleum fordii in nature [13]. Having long–lasting fame in traditional Asian medicine, this type of mushroom is believed to promote health and extend longevity while processing many pharmacological and biological activities, for instance, the antioxidant, antitumor, and antimicrobial effects [14]. With numerous existing metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, and phenolic compounds mainly accountable for the reduction of silver precursors and stabilization of nanoparticles, it has been recorded that the use of plant extracts for generating nanoparticles is simpler in comparison to the use of whole plant or plant tissue extracts [14, 15].

In medical areas, AgNPs have gained popularity thanks to their inherent antimicrobial properties on a diverse range of microorganisms [16, 17]. Following previous studies, the bacterial adaptability to previously designed antibiotics could lead to the threat of antibiotic resistance [18, 19, 20]. The successful employment of plant–based synthesis of silver nanoparticles is found to suppress the growth of human pathogen bacteria and militate against the menace of antibiotic–resistant strains of bacteria [9]. The reaction mechanism may involve the nanoparticle – cell wall interactions, resulting in the influence on DNA and protein [21]. Additionally, two prevailing ways of cancer treatment, namely chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are known to lead to unexpected side effects to the living cells of the body [22]. Applications of AgNPs with high efficacy for apoptosis induction in cancer cells have been reported [23,24] subsequently, studies on biological activities of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were implemented in comparison to their respective crude extracts [25,26].

In this study, a solution of AgNO3 was used as a precursor with Vietnamese G. lucidum extract for the synthesis of colloidal AgNPs. The extract was prepared by suspending dried ground fruiting body parts of mushrooms in aqueous ethanol assisted with ultrasonic waves. Different conditions for the AgNPs green synthesis were then investigated under hydrothermal treatment, which is known as an efficient method for the processing of nano–sized materials. The AgNPs–incorporated extract obtained was assessed in terms of bioactivities concerning the antioxidant activity using 2,2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and antimicrobial activity by optical density and plate colony–counting methods, as well as the cytotoxicity potential against the human epidermic carcinoma cancer cell line (KB) using thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.

Section snippets

Materials and chemicals

Vietnamese G. lucidum purchased from An Nhon Tay Commune, Cu Chi District, Ho Chi Minh City. The dried fruiting body of the crude material was cut into small slices and ground to size with a blender. Folin–Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, 98% standard ursolic acid, 98% standard quercetin, and 70–72% perchloric acid for analysis were purchased from Merck, Ltd., Vietnam. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) and 2,2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl (C18H12N5O6–DPPH) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., USA. Glacial

Phytochemical identification

After the extraction process, the crude extract was obtained and stored for characteristic analysis to identify and discover the components present in the extract responsible for the reduction ability of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Based on colorimetric methods, the results showed that triterpenoid, polyphenol, and flavonoid compounds existed in the G. lucidum extract. FTIR results also highlighted the presence of OH and amide groups, which indicates the extract may have reducing and

Conclusions

In this work, AgNPs were successfully synthesized from G. lucidum crude extracts with an environmentally benign, straightforward, and easily scaled–up procedure. The presence of obtained AgNPs was proved by the SPR peak at 413 nm using the UV–Vis spectra, followed by their full characterization by LC–MS, FE–SEM, HR–TEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses. The study confirmed the formation of spherical AgNPs with an average size of 11.38 ± 5.51 nm, and metabolites of the extract were recorded to act as both

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Tran Do Dat: Visualization, Data curation, Formal analysis. Nguyen Duc Viet: Visualization, Data curation, Formal analysis. Nguyen Minh Dat: Visualization, Data curation, Formal analysis. Phan Le Thao My: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Doan Ba Thinh: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Lu Thi Mong Thy: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Le Minh Huong: Writing – review & editing. Pham Tan Khang: Writing – review & editing. Nguyen Duy

Declaration of Competing Interest

We confirm that this work is original and has not been published elsewhere, nor is it currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. We have no conflicts of interest to disclose. This paper was written by listed authors who are all aware of its content and approve its submission.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM for the support of time and facilities for this study.

References (60)

  • K. Ramachandran et al.

    A facile green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Piper betle biomass and its catalytic activity toward sensitive and selective nitrite detection

    J. Ind. Eng. Chem.

    (2016)
  • S.A. El-Sayed et al.

    Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic parameters determination of biomass fuel powders by differential thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG)

    Energy Convers.Manag.

    (2014)
  • P. Sharma et al.

    Production and characterization of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate from Bacillus cereus PS 10

    Int. J. Biol. Macromol.

    (2015)
  • L.F Zhu et al.

    Synthesis and evaluation of herbal chitosan from ganoderma lucidum spore powder for biomedical applications

    Sci. Rep.

    (2018)
  • A. Moslemizadeh et al.

    A triterpenoid saponin as an environmental friendly and biodegradable clay swelling inhibitor

    J. Mol. Liq.

    (2017)
  • E. Ugwoke et al.

    Concentration induced properties of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial study

    Surf. Interfaces

    (2020)
  • H. Liu et al.

    Effect of temperature on the size of biosynthesized silver nanoparticle: Deep insight into microscopic kinetics analysis

    Arab. J. Chem.

    (2020)
  • X. Wang et al.

    A study of Ganoderma lucidum spores by FTIR microspectroscopy

    Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc.

    (2012)
  • Y. Zhu et al.

    Penalized discriminant analysis for the detection of wild-grown and cultivated Ganoderma lucidum using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

    Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc.

    (2016)
  • K.M. Schaich et al.

    Hurdles and pitfalls in measuring antioxidant efficacy: a critical evaluation of ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC assays

    J. Funct. Foods

    (2015)
  • S. Ahmed et al.

    A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: a green expertise

    J. Adv. Res.

    (2016)
  • V. Chahar et al.

    Study of antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using green and chemical approach

    Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp.

    (2018)
  • M.I. Azócar et al.

    Capping of silver nanoparticles by anti-inflammatory ligands: antibacterial activity and superoxide anion generation

    J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol.

    (2019)
  • N.M. Dat et al.

    Hybrid graphene oxide-immobilized silver nanocomposite with optimal fabrication route and multifunctional application

    Appl. Surf. Sci.

    (2021)
  • X.Y. Dong et al.

    Nanosilver as a new generation of silver catalysts in organic transformations for efficient synthesis of fine chemicals

    Catal. Sci. Technol.

    (2015)
  • Z.A. Ratan et al.

    Green chemistry synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their potential anticancer effects

    Cancers

    (2020)
  • M. Luisa Rodríguez-Sánchez et al.

    Electrochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles

    J. Phys. Chem. B

    (2000)
  • D. Hebbalalu et al.

    Greener techniques for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts, enzymes, bacteria, biodegradable polymers, and microwaves

    ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng.

    (2013)
  • MN. Nadagouda et al.

    Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanostructures

    Acc. Chem. Res.

    (2011)
  • R. Brayner et al.

    Surface-enhanced Raman scattering on silver nanostructured films prepared by spray-deposition

    Langmuir

    (2010)
  • Cited by (11)

    • Sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles with enhanced anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties mediated by dimeric 2,4-diacetyl phloroglucinol: Experimental and computational insights

      2023, Surfaces and Interfaces
      Citation Excerpt :

      The utilization of nontoxic chemicals, such as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents, as well as environmentally benign reaction media, are the main keys to meeting green synthesis credentials [12]. As a result, many methods have been proposed for the environmentally friendly synthesis of AgNPs, such as using plants [13,14], bacteria [15–17], ultrasound [18], microwave [19,20], and room temperature methods [21]. For a long time, nature has been used played as an essential source of inspiration for drug discovery and development.

    • Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Mangifera indica leaves extract at room temperature: Formation mechanism, catalytic reduction, colorimetric sensing, and antimicrobial activity

      2022, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces
      Citation Excerpt :

      It is noticeable that the yield and size of nanoparticles are affected by the reaction time. The UV-Vis spectra confirmed the successful formation of AgNPs in the solution and the absorption signals were from 380 to 450 nm, which can be attributed to the excitation SPR oscillation of the AgNPs [22,36]. In general, the intensity tends to increase gradually to the highest point after 20 min, which affirms the reduction of Ag+ as well as the continuous formation of stable AgNPs in the matrix.

    • Green synthesis of chitosan-based membrane modified with uniformly micro-sizing selenium particles decorated graphene oxide for antibacterial application

      2022, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
      Citation Excerpt :

      Bacteria were pre − cultured in the nutrient medium with a concentration of 106 CFU/mL, then, the sample was added and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. In addition, the cytotoxicity of those materials was also tested throughout the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (MTT) [23]. The hygroscopicity examination was carried out in a 500 mL flask equipped with a humidity sensor

    View all citing articles on Scopus
    View full text