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Fluopyram removal from agricultural equipment rinsing water using HSF pilot-scale constructed wetlands

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Abstract

Fluopyram is a novel broad-spectrum fungicide with nematocidal activity, and as an extensively used pesticide, it could cause toxicity in nontarget organisms. The aim of this study was to explore the efficiency of five horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) constructed wetlands (CWs) to remove fluopyram from rinsing water produced during the cleaning of pesticide spraying equipment. Four CWs, namely WG-R, WG-R-P, WG-C, and WG-U, contained fine gravel as porous media. WG-R and WG-R-P were planted with Phragmites australis, WG-C with Typha latifolia, and WG-U was left unplanted. Bioaugmentation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria was conducted in WG-R-P unit. The fifth unit (WGZ-R) planted with Phragmites australis and contained gravel and zeolite as porous media. All of CWs were loaded on a daily basis from December 2019 to January 2021 with water fortified with fluopyram. The removal rate follows the pattern of WG-R-P (70.67%) > WGZ-R (62.06%) > WG-C (59.98%) > WG-R (36.10%) > WG-U (25.09%). The most important parameters affecting the fluopyram removal were bioaugmentation, zeolite presence in porous media, and plant species. The WG-R-P unit showed higher fluopyram removal in comparison to the WG-R (increase about 96%), the zeolite increased the fluopyram removal by 72%, and the WG-C unit showed 66% higher fluopyram removal than the WG-R unit.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) under the HFRI PhD Fellowship grant (Fellowship Number: 353).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Agricultural Pharmacology and Ecotoxicology, Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, 68200, Orestias, Greece

    Paraskevas Parlakidis & Zisis Vryzas

  2. Laboratory of Ecological Engineering and Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100, Xanthi, Greece

    Theodoros Mavropoulos & Georgios D. Gikas

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  1. Paraskevas Parlakidis
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  2. Theodoros Mavropoulos
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  3. Zisis Vryzas
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  4. Georgios D. Gikas
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Contributions

Georgios D. Gikas and Zisis Vryzas contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by all authors. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Paraskevas Parlakidis and Theodoros Mavropoulos. Georgios D. Gikas and Zisis Vryzas commented on previous versions and wrote the final version of the manuscript in consultation with the other two authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Parlakidis, P., Mavropoulos, T., Vryzas, Z. et al. Fluopyram removal from agricultural equipment rinsing water using HSF pilot-scale constructed wetlands. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 29584–29596 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15373-5

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