Spectroscopic thermodynamic properties of binary liquid mixtures of non-polar and polar solvents (Tetra chloromethane, 2-chloroaniline,2-methylaniline, and 2-methoxyaniline) at various temperatures

doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117550

Journal of Molecular Liquids

Volume 342, 15 November 2021, 117550

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117550 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Excess parameters are evaluated from the densities, speeds of sound and viscosities.
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FT-IR study is analyzed to discuss the presence of specific hydrogen bonding.
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The results are discussed through the hetero molecular association.
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The results of excess parameters are in good agreement with FT-IR.

Abstract

The densities (ρ), viscosities (η) and speeds of sound(u) are reported for binary mixtures of tetrachloromethane with ortho-substituted aniline (2-chloroaniline, 2-methylaniline, and 2-methoxyaniline) over the entire composition range from 298.15 K to 318.15 K and at atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa). The excess functions and deviation in viscosity are calculated from the densities, speeds of sound and viscosities at experimental temperatures. FT-IR properties have been carried out and analyzed to study the presence of specific interaction such as the formation of hydrogen bonding of the type (N-H·····Cl) between unlike molecules in the binary liquid mixtures. A good agreement is observed among the excess parameters and FT-IR properties.

Introduction

Many studies have shown that thermodynamic data for binary mixtures of tetrachloromethane with Lewis bases can be interpreted in terms of the formation of either 1: 1, or both 1: 1 and 2: 1 complex. Such an interpretation is physically realistic and it has been substantiated in some cases by other types of investigation, including measurements of NMR relaxation rates [1], [2], measurements of dielectric properties [3], and determination of stable phases in the solid-state [4], [5]. The simplest and most convenient thermodynamic model that has been applied for this purpose assumes that the species present at equilibrium mix ideally. In effect, all of the deviations of the mixture from ideal solution behavior are treated in terms of chemical equilibria with neglect of activity coefficients terms (activity coefficients equal to unity at all compositions, temperatures, and pressures). Accordingly, there has been considerable interest in investigating the accuracy with which this simple “ideal associated solution” model describes the equilibrium properties of associated solutions. The present work endeavors to find the basic strength of the o-substituted group in the aniline molecule that can affect both the sign and magnitude of various thermodynamic functions when mixed with tetrachloromethane. The present work is a continuation of our earlier studies [6], [7], [8] of thermodynamic and physicochemical properties of non-aqueous binary liquid mixtures. A survey of the literature reveals that the thermo-physical properties of pure molecules of tetrachloromethane and ortho-substituted aniline have been reported extensively because of their importance from both fundamental and industrial points of view. However, the thermo-physical properties of liquid mixtures of tetrachloromethane and ortho-substituted aniline have not been explored systematically. The present investigation is the continuation of our earlier research [6] on the thermodynamic properties of binary liquid mixtures. Tetrachloromethane is an effective solvent within the chemical industry and is used to clean machinery and electrical equipment. Chloroaniline is widely used in polymer, rubber, pharmaceutical and dye industries.Methylaniline used as an intermediate for dyes, agrochemicals and other organic products manufacturing.Methoxyaniline used in the manufacture of azo dyes, pharmaceuticals, textile-processing chemicals. We aim to explore the thermo-physical properties such as density, speed of sound, viscosity and their excess properties for the mixed solvents of these binary mixtures to expand the basic needs for scientific research. Modern research machines can take infrared measurements across the whole range of interest as frequently as 32 times a second. This can be done whilst simultaneous measurements are made using other techniques. This makes the observations of chemical reactions and processes quicker and more accurate. Infrared spectroscopy is widely used in both research and industry as a simple and reliable technique for measurement, quality control, and dynamic measurement. This is especially useful in measuring the degree of polymerization in polymer manufacture. Infrared spectroscopy has been highly successful for applications in both organic and inorganic chemistry. Infrared spectroscopy has also been successfully utilized in the field of semiconductor microelectronics: for example, infrared spectroscopy can be applied to semiconductors like silicon, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, zinc selenide, amorphous silicon, silicon nitride, etc.

Section snippets

Materials

O-substituted aniline and tetrachloromethane chemicals were purchased from S.D. Fine Chemical, India. O-substituted aniline was dried and other chemicals were placed over potassium hydroxide pellets for several days and then distilled under nitrogen at reduced pressure [65].Carbon tetrachloride was shaken with potassium hydroxide solution in 50 mass percentalcohols removed from the potassium hydroxide layer and then shaken with water and small portions of concentrated sulfuric acid.The water

Results and discussion:

The excess thermodynamic / deviation functions were calculated with the following equations $V^{E} / c m^{3} . m o l^{- 1} = V - - (x_{1} V_{1} + x_{2} V_{2})$ $Δ η / m P a \cdot s = η - (x_{1} η_{1} + x_{1} η_{1})$ $D G^{* E} / J . m o l^{- 1} = R T [ln η V - (x_{1} l n η_{1} V_{1} + x_{2} l n η_{2} V_{2})]$

where η, η₁,η₂,V,V₁andV₂ are viscosities and molar volumes of the mixture and of the pure components respectively.

The isentropic compressibilities were calculated from the relation [48] $κ_{s} = {(u^{2} ρ)}^{- 1}$

where $ρ$ is the density and $u$ is the speed of sound of the binary mixture.

Further, the excess isentropic compressibilities $(κ_{s}^{E})$ are

Conclusions

Densities, speeds of sound and viscosities of binary mixtures of tetrachloromethane with o-substituted aniline (2-chloroaniline, 2-methylaniline, and 2-methoxyaniline) have been measured at different temperatures and derived parameters along with their excess values calculated. The results are analyzed in terms of the specific interactions through the hetero molecular association between the components of the mixtures, resulting in the formation of complexes. FT-IR studies have been carried out

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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View full text

Spectroscopic thermodynamic properties of binary liquid mixtures of non-polar and polar solvents (Tetra chloromethane, 2-chloroaniline,2-methylaniline, and 2-methoxyaniline) at various temperatures

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Materials

Results and discussion:

Conclusions

Declaration of Competing Interest

J. Mol. Spectrosc.

J. Chem. Thermodyn.

Thermochim. Acta

Thermochim. Acta

J. Chem. Thermodyn.

J. Mol. Liq.

Thermochim. Acta

J. Mol. Liq.

J. Mol. Liq.

J. Mol. Liq.

Thermochimica Acta

Fluid Phase Equilib.

J. Chem. Thermodyn.

J. Chem. Thermodynamics

Thermochim. Acta

Thermochim. Acta

J Mol Liq.

A study of AB-association in liquids by the Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation Method., Z

Phys Chem. N.F.

Dielectric Relaxation and Complex Formation in Dilute Solutions of Chloroform and Bromoform in Nonpolar Solvents

J. Chem. Phys.

Compound Formation in the Chloroform- Triethylamine System

J. Chem. Eng. Data

Solid-Liquid equilibria and solid compound formation in binary systems of p-Dioxane with Chloroform methylene chloride and Isopropyl chloride

J. Phys Chem.

Investigation of molecular interactions in binary mixtures of 2-methoxyaniline with cyclic ketones at various temperatures through thermophysical properties

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Studies of Associated Solutions: Evaluation of Thermodynamic Parameters of Blends of 2-Methylaniline and Substituted Ethanols at Various Temperatures

J Solution Chem.

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Int J Thermophys

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Density, viscosity, refractive index, and speed of sound in binary mixtures of dimethyl carbonate with methanol, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, and dichloromethane in the temperature interval (298.15-308.15) K

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Densities and Shear Viscosities of Anisole with Nitrobenzene, Chlorobenzene, Carbon Tetrachloride, 1,2-Dichloroethane, And Cyclohexane From 25 To 40 ^Oc