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The Removal of Ruthenium-Based Complexes N3 Dye from DSSC Wastewater Using Copper Impregnated KOH-Activated Bamboo Charcoal

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Abstract

In this study, Cu-modified activated bamboo charcoal is studied for its performance in removing simulated ruthenium dye wastes. The bamboo belonging to the genus Gigantochloa was used as the starting material to prepare the bamboo charcoal (BC). The BC is activated using KOH, NaOH, and HCl. The activated BCs were then further modified using CuCl2. H2O solution to obtain Cu-impregnated BC. The elemental, functional groups, and surface morphology analyses were carried out to characterize the adsorbents. The Ru complex dye adsorption process was evaluated by batch adsorption experiments, and out of all the adsorbents, the copper-modified KOH-activated bamboo charcoal (10BCKOH) showed the highest adsorption capability. Then, the 10BCKOH characterize with BET, SEM, EXD, XRD, and FTIR before and after the adsorption and optimize the adsorption parameters of pH, dosage, contact time, and initial concentration. The adsorption of the Ru dye is strongly dependent on the pH of the dye solution. The adsorption isotherm has a strong correlation with the Freundlich model, with the value of R2 at 0.927 (KF = 0.0235). The maximum adsorption capacity predicted by the Langmuir model was 64.4 mg.g−1 for 10BCKOH sample. The adsorption process fitted well to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.996). The kinetic and isotherm parameters showed that the adsorption of Ru complex onto 10BCKOH was feasible and spontaneous under the reported experimental conditions, and the ion exchange mechanism played a significant role in the process. Our results have shown that 10BCKOH is effective for the removal of Ru dye from the aqueous solution.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to chemical sciences and environmental life sciences in Universiti Brunei Darussalam for the assist in terms of the usage of machines for experimental work in this study.

The work described in this paper is supported by Universiti Brunei Darussalam research grants (Grants no: UBD/RSCH/1.9/FICBF/2021/010, UBD/RSCH/1.9/FICBF/2021/008, and UBD/RSCH/URC/NIG/2.0/2019/001).

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  1. Centre for Advanced Material and Energy Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam

    Abu Masanizan, Chee Ming Lim, Muhammad Raziq Rahimi Kooh, Abdul Hanif Mahadi & Roshan Thotagamuge

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  1. Abu Masanizan
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Roshan Thotagamuge, Abdul Hanif Mahadi, Chee Ming Lim, Muhammad Raziq Rahimi Kooh. Muhammad Raziq Rahimi Kooh and Masanizan Abu designed the work and wrote the paper. Masanizan Abu carried out the experimental work under the supervision of Roshan Thotagamuge and Abdul Hanif Mahadi. All the authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Abdul Hanif Mahadi or Roshan Thotagamuge.

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Masanizan, A., Lim, C.M., Kooh, M.R.R. et al. The Removal of Ruthenium-Based Complexes N3 Dye from DSSC Wastewater Using Copper Impregnated KOH-Activated Bamboo Charcoal. Water Air Soil Pollut 232, 388 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05333-7

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