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Atomistic Simulations Modify Interpretation of Spin-Label Oximetry Data. Part 1: Intensified Water–Lipid Interfacial Resistances

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Abstract

The role of membrane cholesterol in cellular function and dysfunction has been the subject of much inquiry. A few studies have suggested that cholesterol may slow oxygen diffusive transport, altering membrane physical properties and reducing oxygen permeability. The primary experimental technique used in recent years to study membrane oxygen transport is saturation-recovery electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry, using spin-label probes targeted to specific regions of a lipid bilayer. The technique has been used, in particular, to assess the influence of cholesterol on oxygen transport and membrane permeability. The reliability of such EPR recordings at the water–lipid interface near the phospholipid headgroups has been challenged by all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation data that show substantive agreement with spin-label probe measurements throughout much of the bilayer. This work uses further MD simulations, with an updated oxygen model, to determine the location of the maximum resistance to permeation and the rate-limiting barrier to oxygen permeation in 1-palmitoyl,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) and POPC/cholesterol bilayers at 25 and 35 °C. The current simulations show a spike of resistance to permeation in the headgroup region that was not detected by EPR but was predicted in early theoretical work by Diamond and Katz. Published experimental nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) oxygen measurements provide key validation of the MD models and indicate that the positions and relative magnitudes of the phosphatidylcholine resistance peaks are accurate. Consideration of the headgroup-region resistances predicts bilayer permeability coefficients lower than that estimated in EPR studies, giving permeabilities lower than the permeability of unstirred water layers of the same thickness. Here, the permeability of POPC at 35 °C is estimated to be 13 cm/s, compared to 10 cm/s for POPC/cholesterol and 118 cm/s for simulation water layers of similar thickness. The value for POPC is 12 times lower than that estimated from EPR measurements, while the value for POPC/cholesterol is 5 times lower. These findings underscore the value of atomic resolution models for guiding the interpretation of experimental probe-based measurements.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to honor Harold Swartz, who has inspired, critiqued, and brought insight to our work over the years. We also thank Talysa Ogas, who assisted with editing the manuscript at an early stage. Research reported in this publication was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103451. The research was additionally funded by a gift from the Glendorn Foundation.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (New Mexico Tech), 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, NM, 87801, USA

    Gary Angles, Angela Hail, Rachel J. Dotson & Sally C. Pias

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  1. Gary Angles
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Angles, G., Hail, A., Dotson, R.J. et al. Atomistic Simulations Modify Interpretation of Spin-Label Oximetry Data. Part 1: Intensified Water–Lipid Interfacial Resistances. Appl Magn Reson 52, 1261–1289 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00723-021-01398-z

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