Abstract
The current study evaluated the influence of different nitrogen (N) concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 14.6 mM) on plant growth, essential oil (EO) yield and compositions, some biochemical, and physiological traits of Salvia officinalis L. which has grown in soilless conditions to explain any differences in the studied characteristics.
This experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design to assess the effects of different N levels (0, 5, 10, and 14.6 mM) on the nutrient content, growth, EO yield and compositions, and biochemical characteristics of sage under hydroponic condition.
The results showed that N concentrations affected plant growth traits, micro- and macronutrient uptake, EO yield and compositions, photosynthetic pigments, total soluble sugars, proline, and total phenolic content, as well as antioxidant activity. Based on the findings, 0 mM N level reduced all of the studied traits. The greatest accumulation for N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, B, Cu, Zn, Ca, Mo, the highest chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid, total soluble sugar, proline, total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity and EO yield and the least S content were observed at the highest N concentration (14.6 mM). The highest oxygenated monoterpenes (80.92%), as the main group of compounds, was observed at 14.6 mM N level. The application of 10 mM N showed the highest α-thujone as the major compound.
The suitable concentration of N was 14.6 mM which can improve plant growth, nutrient content, and biochemical characteristics of sage as well as EO yield and composition by true nutrient management.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- CEC:
-
Cation exchange capacity
- Chl:
-
Chlorophyll
- EO:
-
Essential oil
- LA:
-
Leaf area
- N:
-
Nitrogen
- SLA:
-
Specific leaf area
References
Adams RP (2007) Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol stream, Illinois, USA
Ai Z, Wang G, Liang C, Liu H, Zhang J, Xue S, Liu G (2017) The effects of nitrogen addition on the uptake and allocation of macro-and micronutrients in Bothriochloa ischaemum on Loess Plateau in China. Front Plant Sci 8:1476–1486. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01476
Alvarenga ICA, Boldrin PF, Pacheco FV, Silva ST, Bertolucci SKV, Pinto JEBP (2015) Effects on growth, essential oil content and composition of the volatile fraction of Achillea millefolium L. cultivated in hydroponic systems deficient in macro-and microelements. Sci Hortic 197:329–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.046
Ardalani H, Hadipanah A, Pazoki A, Zolfaghar M (2017) Phytochemical, morphological and yield responses of Mentha canadensis to organic and nitrogen fertilizers. J EO Bear Plants 20:752–757. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2017.1322005
Arena ME, PasturGM LMV, Soler R, Bustamante G (2020) Changes in the leaf nutrient and pigment contents of Berberis microphylla G. Forst. in relation to irradiance and fertilization. Heliyon 6:13254–13264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03264
Avato P, Fortunato IM, Ruta C, D’Elia R (2005) Glandular hairs and essential oils in micropropagated plants of Salvia officinalis L. Plant Sci 169:29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.02.004
Aziz TS, Ullah A, Sattar M, Nasim M, Farooq Kh, Mujtaba M (2010) Nutrient availability and maize (Zea mays) growth in soil amended with organic manures. Int J Agric Biol 12:621–624
Babalar M, Mumivand H, Hadian J, Tabataei SMF (2010) Effects of nitrogen and calcium carbonate on growth, rosmarinic acid content and yield of Satureja hortensis L. J Agric Sci 2:92–98. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v2n3p92
Baranauskienne R, Venskutonis PR, Viskelis P, Dambrausience E (2003) Influence of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and composition of thyme (Thymus vulgaris). J Agr Food Chem 51:7751–7758. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0303316
Baranauskiene R, Dambrauskiene E, Venskutonis PR, Viskelis P (2011) Influence of harvesting time on the yield and chemical composition of sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Sixth Baltic Conf Food Sci Technol Jelgava Latvia Food Balt 2011:104–109
Barzegar T, Fateh M, Razavi F (2018) Enhancement of postharvest sensory quality and antioxidant capacity of sweet pepper fruits by foliar applying calcium lactate and ascorbic acid. Sci Hortic 241:293–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.07.011
Barzegar T, Mohammadi S, Ghahremani Z (2020) Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer on growth, yield and chemical composition of sweet fennel. J Plant Nut 43:1189–1204. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2020.1724306
Basela O, Mahadeen A (2008) Effect of fertilizers on growth, yield, yield component, quality and certain nutrient content in broccoli (Bracica oleracea). Int J Agric Boil 10:627–632
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline of water stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060
Biesiada A, Sokol-Letowska A, Kucharska A (2008) The effect of nitrogen fertilization on yielding and antioxidant activity of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.). Acta Sci Pol Hortoru Cul 7:33–40
ChondrakiS TC, Tzortzakis N (2012) Influence of NaCl and calcium foliar spray on hydroponically grown parsley in NFT system. J Plant Nut 35:1457–1467. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2012.689906
Chrysargyris A, Panayiotou C, Tzortzakis N (2016) Nitrogen and phosphorus levels affected plant growth, essential oil composition and antioxidant status of lavender plant (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.). Ind Crops Prod 83:577–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.067
Chrysargyris A, Nikolaidou E, Stamatakis A, Tzortzakis N (2017) Vegetative, physiological, nutritional and antioxidant behavior of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) in response to different nitrogen supply in hydroponics. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 6:52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2017.01.006
Coisin M, Necula R, Grigora V, Gille E, Rosenhech E, Zamfirache MM (2012) Phytochemical evaluation of some Salvia species from Romanian flora. Scientific Annals of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi. New Series Section IIa Vegetal Biology 58:35–44
Dordas CA (2017) Chlorophyll meter readings, N leaf concentration and their relationship with N use efficiency in oregano. J Plant Nut 40:391–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2016.1240200
El Gendy AG, Taghred A, Hegazy El-Sayed SM (2013) Effect of biofertilizers and/or urea on growth, yield, essential oil and chemical compositions of Cymbopogon citratusplants. J Appl Sci Res 9:309–320
El Gendy AG, El Gohary AE, Omer EA, Hendawy SF, Hussein MS, Petrova V, Stancheva I (2015) Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer on herbage and oil yield of chervil plant (Anthriscus cerefolium L.). Ind Crops Prod 69:167–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.02.023
Farhoudi R, Mehrnia MA, Lee DJ (2019) Antioxidant activities and bioactive compounds of five Jalopeno pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivars. Nat Prod Res 33:871–874. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1410801
Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG, Pedro LG, Scheffer JJC (2008) Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour Frag J 23:213–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1875
Fritchi FB, Ray JD (2007) Soybean leaf nitrogen, chlorophyll content, and chlorophylla/bratio. Photosynthetica 45:92–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-007-0014-4
Fonseca JM, Rushing JW, Rajapakse NC, Thomas RL, Riley MB (2006) Potential implications of medicinal plant production in controlled environments: the case of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium). HortScience 41:531–535. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.531
Geng JB, Ma Q, Chen JQ, Zhang M, Li CL, Yang YC, Yang XY, Zhang WT, Liu ZG (2016) Effects of polymer coated urea and sulfur fertilization on yield, nitrogen use efficiency and leaf senescence of cotton. Field Crops Res 187:87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.010
Giorgi A, Mingozzi M, Madeo M, Speranza G, Cocucci M (2009) Effect of nitrogen starvation on the phenolic metabolism and antioxidant properties of yarrow (Achillea collina Becker ex Rchb.). Food Chem 114:204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.039
Grausgruber-Groger S, Schmiderer C, Steinborn R, Novak J (2012) Seasonal influence on gene expression of monoterpene synthases in Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae). J Plant Physiol 169:353–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2011.11.004
Gruda N (2009) Do soilless culture systems have an influence on product quality of vegetables?. J Appl Bot Food Qual 82:141–147. https://doi.org/10.18452/9433
Hanato T, Kagawa H, Yasuhara T, Okuda T (1988) Two new flavonoids and other constituents in licorice root: their relative astringency and radical scavenging effect. Chem Pharm Bull 36:090–1097. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.36.2090
Hellal FA, Mahfouz SA, Hassan FAS (2011) Partial substitution of mineral nitrogen fertilizer by bio-fertilizer on (Anethum graveolens L.) plant. Agric Biol J North Am 4:652–660. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2011.2.4.652.660
Hoffmann CM, Blomberg M (2004) Estimation of leaf area index of Beta vulgaris L. based on optical remote sensing data. J Agron Crop Sci 190:197–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2004.00093.x
Hoagland DR, Arnon DI (1950) The water-culture method for growing plants without soil. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, College of Agriculture
Houles V, Guerfi M, Mary B (2007) Elaboration of a nitrogen nutrition indicator for winter wheat based on leaf area index and chlorophyll content for making nitrogen recommendations. Eur J Agron 27:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2006.10.001
Kara N (2015) Yield, quality, and growing degree days of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) under different agronomic practices. Turk J Agric Forest 39:1014–1022. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1411-143
Khalid KA (2013) Effect of nitrogen fertilization on morphological and biochemical traits of some Apiaceae crops under arid region conditions in Egypt. Bioscience 5:15–21. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n050103
Koeduka T, Fridman E, Gang DR, Vassao DG, Jackson BL, Kish CM, Orlova I, Spassova SM, Lewis NG, Noel JP, Baiga TJ, Dudareva N, Pichersky E (2006) Eugenol and isoeugenol characteristic aromatic constituents of spices, are biosynthesized via reduction of a coniferyl alcohol ester. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:10128–10133. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603732103
Kucukyumuk Z, Erbas S, Erdal I, Baydar H, Eraslan F (2015) Effect of different nitrogen doses on plant growth, quality characteristics and nutrient concentrations of lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. var. Super A). J Essent Bear Pl 18:36–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2014.960279
Li Y, Liu K, Zhu J, Jiang Y, Huang Y, Zhou Z, Chen C, Yu F (2019) Manganese accumulation and plant physiology behavior of Camellia oleifera in response to different levels of nitrogen fertilization. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 184:109603–109615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109603
Lubbe A, Verpoorte R (2011) Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants for specialty industrial materials. Ind Crops Prod 34:785–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.01.019
Maathuis FJ (2009) Physiological functions of mineral macronutrients. Curr Opin Plant Biol 12:250–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2009.04.003
Maisarah AM, Amira NB, Asmah R, Fauziah O (2013) Antioxidant analysis of different parts of Carica papaya. Int Food Res J 20:1043–1048
Maleva M, Borisova G, Chukina N, Kumar A (2018) Urea increased nickel and copper accumulation in the leaves of Egeria densa (Planch.) Casp. and Ceratophyllum demersum L. during short-term exposure. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 148:152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.012
Marschner H (2012) Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic press
Mc Cready RM, Guggolz J, Silviera V, Owens HS (1950) Determination of starch and amylose in vegetables. Anal Chem 22:1156–1158. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60045a016
Menghini L, Leporini L, Pintore G, Chessa M, Tirillini B (2013) Essential oil content and composition of three sage varieties grown in Central Italy. J Med Plants Res 7:480–489. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR12.960
Monreal JA, Jimenez ET, Remesal E, Morillo-Velarde R, García-Mauriño S, Echevarría C (2007) Proline content of sugar beet storage roots: response to water deficit and nitrogen fertilization at field conditions. Environ Exp Bot 60:257–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2006.11.002
Musa A, Ogbadoyi EO (2012) Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the levels of some nutrients, anti-nutrients and toxic substances in Hibiscus sabdariffa. Asian J Crop Sci 4:103–112. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajcs.2012.103.112
Nurzynska-Wierdak R, Borowski B, Dzida K, Zawislak G, Kowalski R (2013) Essential oil composition of sweet basil cultivars as affected by nitrogen and potassium fertilization. Turk J Agrica for 37:427–436. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1203-43
Omer EA, Abou Hussein E, Hendawy SF, Ezz El-din Azza A, El-Gendy AG (2014) Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on growth, yield, essential oil and artemisinin of Artemisia annua L. plant. Int Res J Hort 2:11–20. https://doi.org/10.12966/irjh.04.01.2014
Ozcan MM, Erel O, Herken EE (2009) Antioxidant activity, phenolic content, and peroxide value of essential oil and extracts of some medicinal and aromatic plants used as condiments and herbal teas in Turkey. J Med Food 12:198–202. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.0062
Putra PA, Yuliando H (2015) Soilless culture system to support water use efficiency and product quality: a review. Agric Sci Procedia 3:283–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.01.054
Ranjbar F, Pessarakli M, Rezvani Moghaddam P, Koocheki A (2017) Responses of anise medicinal plant species in terms of essential oil contents and concentrations to different planting times and various nitrogen fertilizer sources under semi-arid climatic conditions. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 48:801–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2017.1298791
Ramezani S, Rezaei MR, Sotoudehnia P (2009) Improved growth, yield and essential oil content of basil grown under different levels of phosphorus sprays in the field. J Appl Biol Sci 3:105–110
Rioba NB, Itulya FM, Saidi M, Dudai N, Bernstein N (2015) Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and irrigation frequency on essential oil content and composition of sage (Salvia officinalis L.). J Appl Res Med Aroma Plants 2:21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2015.01.003
Sánchez E, Ávila-Quezada G, Gardea AA, Ruiz JM, Romero L (2007) Biosynthesis of proline in fruits of green bean plants: deficiency versus toxicity of nitrogen. Int J Exp Bot 76:143–152. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2007.76.143
Scherer R, Lemos MF, Lemos MF, Martinelli GC, Martins JDL, da Silva AG (2013) Antioxidant and antibacterial activities and composition of Brazilian spearmint (Mentha spicata L.). Ind Crops Prod 50:408–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.07.007
Sharafzadeh SH, Khosh Khui M, Javidnia K (2011) Effect of nutrients on essential oil components: pigments and total phenolic content of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Adv Environ Biol 5:639–646
Sharma S, Kumar A (2012) Effect of nitrogen on growth, biomass and oil composition of clary sage (Salvia sclarea Linn.) under mid hills of northwestern Himalayas. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 3:79–83
Singh A, Pandey B, Kumari S, Agrawal M (2015) Nitrogen availability modulates CO2-induced responses of Catharanthus roseus: biomass allocation, carbohydrates and alkaloids profile. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 2:160–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2015.07.002
Singleton VL, Rosi JA (1965) Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic–phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Oenol Vitic 16:144–158
Tarraf W, Ruta C, Tagarelli A, De Cillis F, De Mastro G (2017) Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on plant growth, essential oil production and phosphorus uptake of Salvia officinalis L. Ind Crops Prod 102:144–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.03.010
Wang HD, Wu LF, Cheng MH, Fan JL, Zhang FC, Zou YF, Chau H, Gao ZJ, Wang XK (2018) Coupling effects of water and fertilizer on yield, water and fertilizer use efficiency of drip-fertigated cotton in northern Xinjiang, China. Field Crops Res 219:169–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.02.002
Wellburn AR (1994) The spectral determination of chlorophylls a and b as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with spectrophotometers of different resolution. J Plant Physiol 144:307–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(11)81192-2
Zakery-Asl MA, Bolandnazara S, Oustanb S (2014) Effect of salinity and nitrogen on growth, sodium, potassium accumulation, and osmotic adjustment of halophyte Suaedaa egyptiaca (Hasselq.) Zoh. Arch Agron Soil Sci 60:785–792. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2013.841889
Zheljazkov VD, Astatkie T, Hristov AN (2012) Lavender and hyssop productivity, oil content and bioactivity as a function of harvest time and drying. Ind Crops Prod 36:222–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.09.010
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khammar, A.A., Moghaddam, M., Asgharzade, A. et al. Nutritive Composition, Growth, Biochemical Traits, Essential Oil Content and Compositions of Salvia officinalis L. Grown in Different Nitrogen Levels in Soilless Culture. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21, 3320–3332 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00608-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00608-8