Protective effects of GLHP from Gracilaria lemaneiformis against UVB-induced photodamage in human immortalized keratinocytes cells and BALB/c mice
Introduction
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation leads to harmful phenome in human skin, including tanning, sunburn, immune suppression, cancer, and photoaging (Afnan et al., 2016). According to Sanches Silveira and Myaki Pedroso (2014), ultraviolet B (UVB, 280–315 nm) radiation is the most threatening environmental factor on skin photo-damage, because it can cause adverse effects on the superficial layer of the skin. Studies have reported that UVB irradiation can induce phototoxic responses, skin erythema effect, skin photoaging, mitochondrial fusion, and mitotic imbalance (Gilchrest, 2013; Liebel et al., 2012; Meewes et al., 2001). It should be noted that the main markers of skin aging are mitochondrial dysfunction, aggravation of apoptosis, photoaging and oxidative stress (Cano Sanchez et al., 2018; Cejkova et al., 2000; Cejkova et al., 2001; Cejkova et al., 2004). UVB induced photoaging is closely associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory response (Morena et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2010). Moreover, He et al. (2017) found that UVB radiation could transiently activate cell surface receptors transiently to increase the ROS level (He et al., 2017).
Several studies have revealed that the antioxidant properties of polysaccharides and active peptides can attenuate UVB-induced skin photoaging in human keratinocytes (Dai et al., 2011; Peng et al., 2020; Zeng et al., 2017). For example, the antioxidant effects of Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside can effectively inhibit UVB induced apoptosis in HaCaT cells (He et al., 2017). Fucose-rich fucoidan, isolated from Saccharina japonica can block the UVB-induced ROS accumulation in HaCaT cells (Su et al., 2020). In addition, fish scale collagen peptides can increase cell viability and ameliorate oxidative injury in HaCaT cells through mechanisms mediated by the downregulation of key proinflammatory cytokines, namely, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and iNOS (Subhan et al., 2017). Notably, most of these active biomacromolecules are obtained from marine biological resources worldwide. Therefore, identification of active substances against skin photoaging damage from natural products in the sea has become a research hotspot.
Gracilaria lemaneiformis is a red algae marine plant of that belongs to the Gracilaria family, and is widely distributed along the coasts of China and Japan. Polysaccharides from G. lemaneiformis are rich in a variety of biological activities, mainly focusing on antioxidant, anti-tumor, and immune function (Chen et al., 2010; Jiang et al., 2014). In our previous study, we demonstrated the protective effect of the aqueous fraction extracted from G. lemaneiformis against UVB-induced damage in HaCaT cells (Lu et al., 2020). Based on the results, we speculated that heteropolysaccharides (GLHP) may have the highest antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities. However, the protective effects and mechanism of GLHP against UVB-induced photodamage have not yet been elucidated. This study aimed at exploring the potential effect of GLHP on UVB-induced damage in HaCaT cells and BALB/c mice, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
Section snippets
Materials and chemicals
Gracilaria lemaneiformis was purchased from Naozhou coastline of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, South China. GLHP (47,600 Da), a water-soluble heteropolysaccharide extracted from G. lemaneiformis, was identified and provided by Bo Rui Saccharide Biotech Co Lid. Besides, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and penicillin streptomycin were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, USA). Trypsin-EDTA solution and tris-buffered saline tween (TBST) were bought from Solarbio,
Effects of GLHP on UVB-induced cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells
The MTT assay was used to determine whether GLHP (0–4 mg/mL) inhibited cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Fig. 1A shows that 2 and 4 mg/mL GLHP had a significant inhibitive effect on the cell viability 12 h and 24 h after drug administration compared to the NC group. GLHP at concentrations less than or equal to 1 mg/mL had no side effects on HaCaT cells. To determine the effect of GLHP treatment on the proliferation of HaCaT cells after UVB irradiation, cells were treated with
Discussion
Photodamage induced by the UV portion of solar light is one of the most universal reactions, among which UVB radiation could elicit acute erythema effect and inflammation skin problems (Wang et al., 2019). Therefore, the development of sunscreen products for UVB radiation protection is research hotspot. In our previous study, we found that the aqueous fraction of G. lemaneiformis including aldehydes, ethyl alcohol, chlorophyll-a derivatives, and water-soluble heteropolysaccharides, inhibited
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest to disclose in relation to this article.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province, China (2018A030307001, 2019B090905011), Special Funds for Economic Development of Marine Economy of Guangdong Province, China (GDME-2018C011), Special Science and Technology Innovation Project of Guangdong Province, China (2019A01005, 2019A03023), Discipline construction project of Guangdong Medical University (4SG21009G), Special Support Project for Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory
References (45)
- et al.
Protective effects of novel derivatives of vitamin D3 and lumisterol against UVB-induced damage in human keratinocytes involve activation of Nrf2 and p53 defense mechanisms
Redox Biol.
(2019) - et al.
UV signaling pathways within the skin
J. Invest. Dermatol.
(2014) - et al.
The role of antioxidants in photoprotection: a critical review
J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.
(2012) Photoaging
J. Invest. Dermatol.
(2013)- et al.
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside inhibits the UVB-induced ROS/COX-2 pathway in HaCaT cells
J. Photochem. Photobiol. B
(2017) - et al.
Arginase purified from endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa IH2: induce apoptosis through both cell cycle arrest and MMP loss in human leukemic HL-60 cells
Chem. Biol. Interact.
(2017) - et al.
Pinus densiflora extract protects human skin fibroblasts against UVB-induced photoaging by inhibiting the expression of MMPs and increasing type I procollagen expression
Toxicol. Rep.
(2014) - et al.
Lycium barbarum polysaccharide protects human keratinocytes against UVB-induced photo-damage
Free Radic. Res.
(2017) - et al.
Irradiation of skin with visible light induces reactive oxygen species and matrix-degrading enzymes
J. Invest. Dermatol.
(2012) - et al.
Adaptive antioxidant response protects dermal fibroblasts from UVA-induced phototoxicity
Free Radic. Biol. Med.
(2001)
Multiple signals converging on NF-kappaB
Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.
Photoprotection by honeybush extracts, hesperidin and mangiferin against UVB-induced skin damage in SKH-1 mice
J. Photochem. Photobiol. B
An environmental contaminant, benzo(a)pyrene, induces oxidative stress-mediated interleukin-8 production in human keratinocytes via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway
J. Dermatol. Sci.
Glycyrrhizic acid prevents ultraviolet-B-induced photodamage: a role for mitogen-activated protein kinases, nuclear factor kappa B and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway
Exp. Dermatol.
Targeting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the treatment of impaired wound healing: a systematic review
Antioxidants (Basel)
Changes of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the corneal epithelium after UVB rays. Histochemical and biochemical study
Histol. Histopathol.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating oxidases in the normal rabbit cornea and their involvement in the corneal damage evoked by UVB rays
Histol. Histopathol.
UV rays, the prooxidant/antioxidant imbalance in the cornea and oxidative eye damage
Physiol. Res.
In vitro anti-influenza virus activities of sulfated polysaccharide fractions from Gracilaria lemaneiformis
Virol. Sin.
Detecting cleaved Caspase-3 in apoptotic cells by flow cytometry
Cold Spring Harb. Protoc.
Crude polysaccharide from an anti-UVB cell clone of bupleurum scorzonerifolium protect HaCaT cells against UVB-induced oxidative stress
Cytotechnology
MAPK-activated protein kinases (MKs): novel insights and challenges
Front. Cell Dev. Biol.
Cited by (9)
Succinoglycan riclin relieves UVB-induced skin injury with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
2023, International Journal of Biological MacromoleculesPhotoaging induced by long-term exposure to UV irradiation and amelioration by Skipjack tuna skin hydrolysates: Targeting inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB signaling hyperactivation
2022, Journal of Functional FoodsCitation Excerpt :Photoaging dramatically reduces the skin aesthetics and contributes many skin diseases (Feng et al., 2014; Prasanth et al., 2020; Yaar and Gilchrest, 2007). Typically, the epidermal hyperplasia, collagen degradation and disintegration of elastic fibers present the histological features of photoaging and the excessive release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in dermal layer is detected during photoaging (Masaki, 2010; Latreille et al., 2012; Ouyang et al., 2021). In the past decades, numerous studies have shown that ROS not only damage the biological macromolecules such as proteins and DNA, but also deplete the antioxidant system such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (Petrova et al., 2011; Kong et al., 2013; Feng et al., 2022).
Premna microphylla Turcz pectin protected UVB-induced skin aging in BALB/c-nu mice via Nrf2 pathway
2022, International Journal of Biological MacromoleculesCitation Excerpt :Therefore, the development of sunscreen products for UVB radiation protection attracts an increasing attention. Several studies reported that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of polysaccharides could relieve UVB-induced skin damage [29–31]. PMTP has been reported to have a wide range of pharmacological and therapeutic properties against oxidative stress and inflammation [11].
- 1
These authors have contributed equally to this work.