Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Energy absorption behavior of stiffness optimized graded lattice structures fabricated by material extrusion

  • Published:
Meccanica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The objective of this study is to investigate the energy absorption performance of the graded lattice energy absorbers designed by a stiffness-based size optimization process under static loadings applied during the in-service conditions. The energy absorber geometry is modeled using three different lattice types, namely complex cubic, octet cubic, face- and body-centered cubic. The stiffness-based size optimization subjected to a static bending load is conducted to determine the optimal strut diameters which produced graded lattice structure designs. To investigate the energy absorption behavior of these graded lattice designs, the nonlinear dynamic explicit finite element analysis (FEA) is conducted under quasi-static compression for each design. The lattice designs are fabricated by a material extrusion technique using the polylactic acid material and the quasi-static uniaxial compression tests are conducted on the fabricated designs. The FEA results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. When compared with uniform counterparts, the presented graded lattices exhibit the improved energy absorption in response to uniaxial compression although their designs were derived from a stiffness-based size optimization with bending load.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Alghamdi AAA (2001) Collapsible impact energy absorbers: An overview. Thin-Walled Struct 39:189–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8231(00)00048-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Marsolek J, Reimerdes HG (2004) Energy absorption of metallic cylindrical shells with induced non-axisymmetric folding patterns. In: International Journal of Impact Engineering. pp 1209–1223

  3. Seitzberger M, Rammerstorfer FG, Gradinger R et al (2000) Experimental studies on the quasi-static axial crushing of steel columns filled with aluminium foam. Int J Solids Struct 37:4125–4147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7683(99)00136-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Gameiro CP, Cirne J (2007) Dynamic axial crushing of short to long circular aluminium tubes with agglomerate cork filler. Int J Mech Sci 49:1029–1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2007.01.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. McKown S, Shen Y, Brookes WK et al (2008) The quasi-static and blast loading response of lattice structures. Int J Impact Eng 35:795–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2007.10.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Hammetter CI, Rinaldi RG, Zok FW (2013) Pyramidal lattice structures for high strength and energy absorption. J Appl Mech Trans ASME 80:041015. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4007865

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Gorguluarslan RM, Gandhi UN, Mandapati R, Choi SK (2015) Design and fabrication of periodic lattice-based cellular structures. Comput Aided Des Appl 13:50–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/16864360.2015.1059194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Brennan-Craddock J, Brackett D, Wildman R, Hague R (2012) The design of impact absorbing structures for additive manufacture. J Phys Conf Ser 382:012042. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/382/1/012042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Vesenjak M, Krstulović-Opara L, Ren Z, Domazet Ž (2010) Cell shape effect evaluation of polyamide cellular structures. Polym Test 29:991–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2010.09.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Ha CS, Lakes RS, Plesha ME (2018) Design, fabrication, and analysis of lattice exhibiting energy absorption via snap-through behavior. Mater Des 141:426–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.12.050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Habib FN, Iovenitti P, Masood SH, Nikzad M (2018) Fabrication of polymeric lattice structures for optimum energy absorption using Multi Jet Fusion technology. Mater Des 155:86–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.05.059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Gautam R, Idapalapati S, Feih S (2018) Printing and characterisation of Kagome lattice structures by fused deposition modelling. Mater Des 137:266–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.10.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kaur M, Yun TG, Han SM et al (2017) 3D printed stretching-dominated micro-trusses. Mater Des 134:272–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.08.061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Sarvestani HY, Akbarzadeh AH, Niknam H, Hermenean K (2018) 3D printed architected polymeric sandwich panels: Energy absorption and structural performance. Compos Struct 200:886–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.04.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. van Grunsven W, Hernandez-Nava E, Reilly G, Goodall R (2014) Fabrication and Mechanical Characterisation of Titanium Lattices with Graded Porosity. Metals (Basel) 4:401–409. https://doi.org/10.3390/met4030401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Maskery I, Aboulkhair NT, Aremu AO et al (2016) A mechanical property evaluation of graded density Al-Si10-Mg lattice structures manufactured by selective laser melting. Mater Sci Eng A 670:264–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.06.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Maskery I, Hussey A, Panesar A et al (2017) An investigation into reinforced and functionally graded lattice structures. J Cell Plast 53:151–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021955X16639035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Choy SY, Sun CN, Leong KF, Wei J (2017) Compressive properties of functionally graded lattice structures manufactured by selective laser melting. Mater Des 131:112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.06.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Al-Saedi DSJ, Masood SH, Faizan-Ur-Rab M et al (2018) Mechanical properties and energy absorption capability of functionally graded F2BCC lattice fabricated by SLM. Mater Des 144:32–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.01.059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Yang L, Mertens R, Ferrucci M et al (2019) Continuous graded Gyroid cellular structures fabricated by selective laser melting: Design, manufacturing and mechanical properties. Mater Des 162:394–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.12.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Bates SRG, Farrow IR, Trask RS (2019) Compressive behaviour of 3D printed thermoplastic polyurethane honeycombs with graded densities. Mater Des 162:130–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.11.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Plocher J, Panesar A (2020) Effect of density and unit cell size grading on the stiffness and energy absorption of short fibre-reinforced functionally graded lattice structures. Addit Manuf 33:101171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Gorguluarslan RM, Gandhi UN, Song Y, Choi S-K (2017) An improved lattice structure design optimization framework considering additive manufacturing constraints. Rapid Prototyp J 23:305–319. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-10-2015-0139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Panesar A, Abdi M, Hickman D, Ashcroft I (2018) Strategies for functionally graded lattice structures derived using topology optimisation for Additive Manufacturing. Addit Manuf 19:81–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.11.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Kim DH, Kim HG, Kim HS (2015) Design optimization and manufacture of hybrid glass/carbon fiber reinforced composite bumper beam for automobile vehicle. Compos Struct 131:742–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.06.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Cheon SS, Choi JH, Lee DG (1995) Development of the composite bumper beam for passenger cars. Compos Struct 32:491–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-8223(95)00078-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Latture RM, Begley MR, Zok FW (2018) Design and mechanical properties of elastically isotropic trusses. J Mater Res 33:249–263. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Zhang X, Yao J, Liu B et al (2018) Three-Dimensional High-Entropy Alloy-Polymer Composite Nanolattices That Overcome the Strength-Recoverability Trade-off. Nano Lett 18:4247–4256. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Deshpande VS, Fleck NA, Ashby MF (2001) Effective properties of the octet-truss lattice material. J Mech Phys Solids 49:1747–1769. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5096(01)00010-2

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  30. Zhang X, Wang Y, Ding B, Li X (2020) Design, Fabrication, and Mechanics of 3D Micro-/Nanolattices. Small 16:1902842. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201902842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Niu F, Xu S, Cheng G (2011) A general formulation of structural topology optimization for maximizing structural stiffness. Struct Multidiscip Optim 43:561–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-010-0585-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Kattan PI (2008) MATLAB guide to finite elements: An interactive approach. Springer, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  33. Rao SS (2009) Engineering Optimization: Theory and Practice: Fourth Edition

  34. ASTM D638 (2014) Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics. West Conshohocken, PA

  35. ASTM D695 (2015) Standard test method for compressive properties of rigid plastics. New York, NY

  36. Li QM, Magkiriadis I, Harrigan JJ (2006) Compressive strain at the onset of densification of cellular solids. J Cell Plast 42:371–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021955X06063519

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. ASTM D1621 (2010) Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties Of Rigid Cellular Plastics. New York, NY

  38. Miltz J, Ramon O (1990) Energy absorption characteristics of polymeric foams used as cushioning materials. Polym Eng Sci 30:129–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760300210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Schaedler TA, Ro CJ, Sorensen AE et al (2014) Designing metallic microlattices for energy absorber applications. Adv Eng Mater 16:276–283. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201300206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Gungor OU, Gorguluarslan RM (2020) Experimental characterization of spatial variability for random field modeling on struts of additively manufactured lattice structures. Addit Manuf 36:101471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Park SI, Rosen DW (2018) Homogenization of mechanical properties for material extrusion periodic lattice structures considering joint stiffening effects. J Mech Des Trans ASME 140:111414–111421. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4040704

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Lozanovski B, Downing D, Tran P et al (2020) A Monte Carlo simulation-based approach to realistic modelling of additively manufactured lattice structures. Addit Manuf 32:101092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101092

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Liu L, Kamm P, García-Moreno F et al (2017) Elastic and failure response of imperfect three-dimensional metallic lattices: the role of geometric defects induced by Selective Laser Melting. J Mech Phys Solids 107:160–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2017.07.003

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the funding provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey with project 118M715.

Funding

This study was funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey with project 118M715.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Recep M. Gorguluarslan.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 279 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gorguluarslan, R.M., Gungor, O.U., Yıldız, S. et al. Energy absorption behavior of stiffness optimized graded lattice structures fabricated by material extrusion. Meccanica 56, 2825–2841 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-021-01404-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-021-01404-5

Keywords

Navigation