Abstract
The difference between wood supply and demand was sought to be alleviated by considering fast-growing Chinese fir wood, based on its characteristics of large yield but poor performance. Modification of fast-growing Chinese fir wood is an effective method for improving the wood's characteristics. Sodium silicate/magnesium chloride-modified fir (SS-MCMF) was prepared by adding magnesium chloride (MC) in the process of silicate (SiO32−) impregnation, with sodium silicate (SS)-modified fir (SSMF) and natural wood (NW) as references. The products were then tested for physical and mechanical properties and bonding mechanisms. The results showed that the bending strengths of SSMF and SS-MCMF specimens were increased by 36.16 and 62.97%, respectively, compared with NW specimens, and the compressive strength of SSMF and SS-MCMF specimens increased by 39.90 and 90.67%, respectively. The hardness of SSMF and SS-MCMF specimens increased from 3685 (of NW) to 5534 and 5843 N, respectively. The water absorption rate of samples after 96 h water exposure decreased from 159.25 to 97.39 and 83.06%, respectively, and the leaching rate at 14 days decreased from 16.01 to 8.92%. In addition to improvements in physical, mechanical, and fixing properties, FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed that SS damaged lignin and hemicellulose in this wood and that Si–O–Si and Si–O–C structures were indeed formed in these modified samples. The addition of MC effectively protected the wood from possible SS damage while also greatly improving its performance. Therefore, the combination of SS and MC for modifying Chinese fir was an efficient, green, and environment-friendly impregnation modification method.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bücker M, Jäger C, Pfeifer D, Unger B (2014) Evidence of Si–O–C bonds in cellulosic materials modified by sol–gel-derived silica. Wood Sci Technol 48(5):1033–1047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-014-0657-9
Chen CJ, Kuang YD, Zhu SZ, Burgert I, Keplinger T, Gong A, Li T, Berglund L, Eichhorn SJ, Hu LB (2020) Structure–property–function relationships of natural and engineered wood. Nat Rev Mater 5(9):642–666. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-0195-z
Doubek S, Boruvka V, Zeidler A, Reinprecht L (2018) Effect of the passive chemical modification of wood with silicon dioxide (silica) on its properties and inhibition of moulds. Wood Res 63(4):599–616
Duan H, Cao S, Zheng H, Hu D, Lin J, Lin H, Li Y (2016) Variation in the growth traits and wood properties of Chinese fir from six provinces of southern China. Forests 7(9):192. https://doi.org/10.3390/f7090192
Farooq TH, Yan W, Rashid MHU, Tigabu M, Gilani MM, Zou XH, Wu PF (2019) Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) a green gold of China with continues decline in its productivity over the successive rotations: a review. Appl Ecol Env Res 17(5):11055–11067. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1705_1105511067
Fu Z, Zhou Y, Gao X, Liu H, Zhou F (2019) Changes of water related properties in radiata pine wood due to heat treatment. Constr Build Mater 227:116692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116692
Lehringer C, Richter K, Schwarze F, Militz H (2009) A review on promising approaches for liquid permeability improvement in softwoods. Wood Fiber Sci 41(4):373–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-009-0368-2
Li P, Zhang Y, Zuo YF, Wu YQ, Yuan GM, Lu JX (2021) Comparison of silicate impregnation methods to reinforce Chinese fir wood. Holzforschung 75(2):126–137. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2020-0016
Li ML, Liu CF, Liu YL (2019) Physical and mechanical properties of modified poplar wood by heat treatment and impregnation of sodium silicate solution. Wood Res 64(1):145–154
Mendez DFM, Olaniran SO, Rüggeberg M, Burgert I, Herrmann HJ, Wittel FK (2019) Mechanical behavior of chemically modified Norway spruce: a generic hierarchical model for wood modifications. Wood Sci Technol 53(2):447–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-019-01082-3
Olaniran SO, Michen B, Mendez DFM, Wittel FK, Bachtiar EV, Burgert I, Rüggeberg M (2019) Mechanical behaviour of chemically modified Norway spruce (Picea abies L Karst): experimental mechanical studies on spruce wood after methacrylation and in situ polymerization of styrene. Wood Sci Technol 53(2):425–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-019-01080-5
Ramage MH, Burridge H, Busse-Wicher M, Fereday G, Reynolds T, Shah DU, Wu GL, Yu L, Fleming P, Densley-Tingley D, Allwood J, Dupree P, Linden PF, Scherman O (2017) The wood from the trees: the use of timber in construction. Renew Sust Energ Rev 68:333–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.107
Segal L, Creely JJ, Martin AE, Conrad CM (1959) An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the x-ray diffractometer. Text Res J 29(10):786–794. https://doi.org/10.1177/004051755902901003
Song J, Chen C, Wang C, Kuang Y, Li Y, Jiang F, Hu L (2017) Superflexible wood. ACS Appl Mater Inter 9(28):23520–23527. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b06529
Sun ZY, Lv JX, Wang ZH, Wu YQ, Yuan GM, Zuo YF (2021) Sodium silicate/waterborne epoxy resin hybrid-modified Chinese fir wood. Wood Sci Technol 55(3):837–855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-021-01287-5
Wagih A, Hasani M, Hall S, Theliander H (2021) Micro/nano-structural evolution in spruce wood during soda pulping. Holzforschung. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2020-0113
Wenker JL, Richter K, Rüter S (2018) A methodical approach for systematic life cycle assessment of wood-based furniture. J Ind Ecol 22(4):671–685. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12581
Wimmers G (2017) Wood: a construction material for tall buildings. Nat Rev Mater 2(12):1–2. https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2017.51
Xu E, Zhang YJ, Lin LY (2020) Improvement of mechanical, hydrophobicity and thermal properties of Chinese fir wood by impregnation of nano silica sol. Polymers 12(8):1632. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081632
Yu HL, Tian MH, Shi YH, Cheng JW, Zhang ZY (2018) The measuring methods of dependence on foreign trade of China’s wooden forest products and the estimating after measuring. Scientia Silvae Sinicae 54(5):152–167. https://doi.org/10.11707/j.1001-7488.20180517
Yue K, Chen ZJ, Lu WD, Liu WQ, Li MY, Shao YL, Tang LJ, Wan L (2017) Evaluating the mechanical and fire-resistance properties of modified fast-growing Chinese fir timber with boric-phenol-formaldehyde resin. Constr Build Mater 154:956–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.035
Yue K, Wu J, Xu L, Tang Z, Chen ZJ, Liu WQ, Wang L (2020) Use impregnation and densification to improve mechanical properties and combustion performance of Chinese fir. Constr Build Mater 241:118101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118101
Zhou B, Peng D, Zhao Q, Yang S, Yang F, Deng X (2020a) Improvements in timber production of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) per unit forest area in China via tree breeding: status and challenges. Dendrobiology 83:43–51. https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.083.004
Zhou F, Fu ZY, Zhou YD, Zhao JY, Gao X, Jiang JH (2020b) Moisture transfer and stress development during high-temperature drying of Chinese fir. Dry Technol 38(4):545–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2019.1588900
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31770606) and Hunan Provincial Technical Innovation Platform and Talent Program in Science and Technology, PR China (2019RS2040).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Y., Bi, X., Li, P. et al. Sodium silicate/magnesium chloride compound-modified Chinese fir wood. Wood Sci Technol 55, 1781–1794 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-021-01327-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-021-01327-0