Abstract
A new cyst nematode, Punctodera achalensis n. sp., was collected from the rhizosphere soil and roots of an endemic grass, Poa stuckertii (Poaceae), in high-elevation grasslands in Pampa de Achala area (Córdoba province, Argentina). The new species is characterised by having brown spherical or subspherical cysts and subcuticular punctations over the entire body, circular vulval and anal fenestrae of similar size, and small and scattered bullae in the terminal area. Second-stage juvenile (J2) is filiform, with a well-developed stylet, anteriorly slightly concave basal knobs, pharynx occupying about 39% of total body length, tail tapering to a pointed terminus, and hyaline portion about 63% of the tail length. Morphology of P. achalensis n. sp. resembles the five known species of the genus. It differs from the other species by having a shorter J2 mean stylet length (22 μm vs. 24–28 μm) and tail length (57 μm vs. 62–88 μm). Phylogenetic relationships, inferred from ITS and 28S rDNA sequences using Bayesian Inference method, showed that P. achalensis n. sp. occupies a basal position within Punctodera species. An identification key to the six nominal species is included. This is the first record of the genus in South America, even in the Southern Hemisphere.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The species epithet refers to Pampa de Achala, the region where the type specimens were collected.
References
Archidona-Yuste, A., Cai, R., Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, C., Carreira, J. A., Rey, A., Viñegla, B., Liébanas, G., Palomares-Rius, J. E., & Castillo, P. (2020). Morphostatic speciation within the dagger nematode Xiphinema hispanum-complex species (Nematoda: Longidoridae). Plants, 9, 1649.
Brzeski, M. W. (1998). Nematodes of Tylenchida in Poland and temperate Europe. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polska Akademia Nauk.
Cabido, M., Funes, G., Pucheta, E., Vendramini, F., & Díaz, S. (1998). A chorological analysis of the mountains from Central Argentina. Is all what we call sierra Chaco really Chaco? Contribution to the study of the flora and vegetation of the Chaco. XII. Candollea, 53, 321–331.
Castillo, P., Dolores Romero, M., & Gomez Barcina, A. (1989). New record of Punctodera punctata from Spain. Nematologia Mediterranea, 17, 67–70.
Chizhov, V. N., & Idekh, S. B. (1980). [The cyst nematode, Punctodera punctata (Thorne, 1928) Mulvey et Stone, 1976 in the Moscow region]. Byulleten’ Vsesoyuznogo Instituta Gel’mintologii im. K.I. Skryabina, 26, 96–98.
Darriba, D., Taboada, G. L., Doallo, R., & Posada, D. (2012). jModelTest 2: More models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods, 9, 772.
Di Rienzo, J. A., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M. G., Gonzalez, L., Tablada, M., & Robledo, C. W. (2020). InfoStat versión 2020. Centro de Transferencia InfoStat, FCA, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
Dobosz, R., Winiszewska, G., Malewski, T., Rybarczyk-Mydłowska, K., Tereba, A., Kowalewska, K., Gawlak, M., & Bogdanowicz, W. (2013). Morphological and molecular features of Punctodera stonei Brzeski, 1998 (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) – species associated with roots of grasses. Annales Zoologici, 63, 157–162.
Doucet, M. E., Lax, P., Di Rienzo, J. A., & Suarez, R. (2001). Higher efficiency in processing soil samples for the assessment of Heterodera glycines populations. Nematology, 3, 377–378.
Edgar, R. C. (2004). MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research, 32, 1792–1797.
EPPO. (2021). EPPO global database (available online). https://gd.eppo.int.
Faghihi, J., Ferris, J. M., & Ferris, V. R. (1986). Heterodera glycines in Indiana. II. Morphology of geographical isolates. Journal of Nematology, 18, 173–177.
Ferris, V. R., Ferris, J. M., & Faghihi, J. (1993). Variation in spacer ribosomal DNA in some cyst-forming species of plant parasitic nematodes. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 16, 177–184.
Hall, T. A. (1999). BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95–98.
Handoo, Z. A. & Subbotin, S. A. (2018). Taxonomy, identification and principal species. In R. N. Perry, M. Moens, & J. T. Jones (Eds.), Cyst nematodes (pp. 365–398). CAB International.
Handoo, Z. A., Skantar, A. M., Chitwood, D. J., & Carta, L. K. (2010). First report of the cyst nematode Punctodera matadorensis in the United States. Journal of Nematology, 42, 246–247.
Kantor, M., Handoo, Z. A., Skantar, A. M., Wade, N. M., & Ingham, R. E. (2019). First report of Punctodera stonei from United States. Journal of Nematology, 51, 23.
Kantor, M. R., Handoo, Z. A., Skantar, A. M., Hult, M. N., Ingham, R. E., Wade, N. M., Ye, W., Bauchan, G. R., & Mowery, J. D. (2020). Morphological and molecular characterisation of Punctodera mulveyi n. sp. (Nematoda: Punctoderidae) from a golf course green in Oregon, USA, with a key to species of Punctodera. Nematology, 22, 1–17.
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., & Tamura, K. (2018). MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 1547–1549.
Lax, P., Rondan Dueñas, J. C., Gardenal, C. N., & Doucet, M. E. (2007). Assessment of genetic variability in Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne, 1935) Thorne and Allen, 1944 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) populations from Argentina. Nematology, 9, 261–270.
Lax, P., Rondan Dueñas, J. C., Franco Ponce, J., Gardenal, C. N., & Doucet, M. E. (2014). Morphology and DNA sequence data reveal the presence of the potato cyst nematode Globodera ellingtonae in the Andean region. Contributions to Zoology, 83, 227–243.
Lescano, J. N. (2018). ¿Rhinella achalensis en declinación? Observaciones sobre el estado actual de las poblaciones del Sapo de Achala. Cuadernos de Herpetología, 32, 15–22.
Madani, M., Subbotin, S. A., Ward, L. J., Li, X., & de Boer, S. H. (2010). Molecular characterization of Canadian populations of potato cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida using ribosomal nuclear RNA and cytochrome b genes. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 32, 252–263.
Maria, M., Miao, W., Cai, R., Tian, Z., Castillo, P., & Zheng, J. (2020). Species diversity of ring nematodes of the genus Criconemoides (Nematoda: Criconematidae) based on three new species from China, using integrative taxonomy. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 157, 119–139.
Martínez, G. A., Arana, M. D., Oggero, A. J., & Natale, E. S. (2016). Biogeographical relationships and new regionalization of high-altitude grasslands and woodlands of the central Pampean ranges (Argentina), based on vascular plants and vertebrates. Australian Systematic Botany, 29, 473–488.
Mulvey, R. H. (1972). Identification of Heterodera cysts by terminal and corn top structure. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 50, 1277–1292.
Mulvey, R. H., & Stone, A. R. (1976). Description of Punctodera matadorensis n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from Saskatchewan, with lists of species and generic diagnosis of Globodera (n. rank), Heterodera and Sarisodera. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 54, 772–785.
Qing, X., Bert, W., Gamliel, A., Bucki, P., Duvrinin, S., Alon, T., & Miyara, S. B. (2019). Phylogeography and molecular species delimitation of Pratylenchus capsici sp. n., a new root-lesion nematode in Israel on pepper (Capsicum annuum). Phytopathology, 109, 847–858.
Rambaut, A. (2010). FigTree v1.3.1. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh.
Rambaut, A. & Drummond, A. J. (2009). Tracer, version 1.5. http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/Tracer.
Riggs, R. D., Rakes, L., & Hamblen, M. L. (1982). Morphometric and serologic comparisons of a number of populations of cyst nematodes. Journal of Nematology, 14, 188–198.
Robledo, G., & Renison, D. (2010). Wood-decaying polypores in the mountains of Central Argentina in relation to Polylepis forest structure and altitude. Fungal Ecology, 3, 178–184.
Ronquist, F., & Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2003). MrBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574.
Seinhorst, J. W. (1962). On the killing, fixation and transferring to glycerin of nematodes. Nematologica, 8, 29–32.
Solovjeva, G. I., & Vasiljeva, A. P. (1973). Heterodera punctata a parasite of wild grasses in South Karelia. Parazitologiya, 7, 521–525.
Sosa-Moss, C. (1987). Cyst nematodes of Mexico, Central America, and South America. Nematologica Mediterranea, 15, 1–12.
Stone, A. R., Sosa Moss, C., & Mulvey, R. H. (1976). Punctodera chalcoensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) a cyst nematode from Mexico parasitising Zea mays. Nematologica, 22, 381–389.
Sturhan, D., & Lišková, M. (2004). Cyst nematodes in the Slovak Republic. Helminthologia, 41, 217–219.
Subbotin, S. A. & Skantar, A. M. (2018). Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny. In R. N. Perry, M. Moens, & J. T. Jones (Eds.), Cyst nematodes (pp. 399–418). CAB International.
Subbotin, S. A., Sturhan, D., Chizhov, V. N., Vovlas, N., & Baldwin, J. G. (2006). Phylogenetic analysis of Tylenchida Thorne, 1949 as inferred from D2 and D3 expansion fragments of the 28S rRNA gene sequences. Nematology, 8, 455–474.
Subbotin, S.A., Mundo-Ocampo, M., & Baldwin, J. G. (2010). Systematics of cyst nematodes (Nematoda: Heteroderinae). Nematology monographs and perspectives 8, Part A. Brill.
Subbotin, S. A., Cid del Prado Vera, I., Mundo-Ocampo, M., & Baldwin, J. G. (2011). Identification, phylogeny and phylogeography of circumfenestrate cyst nematodes (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) as inferred from analysis of ITS-rDNA. Nematology, 13, 805–824.
Sullivan, M., & Mackesy, D. (2012). CPHST Pest datasheet for Punctodera chalcoensis. USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST.
Valetti, J. A., Salas, N. E., & Martino, A. L. (2009). A new polyploid species of Pleurodema (Anura: Leiuperidae) from Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina and redescription of Pleurodema kriegi (Müller, 1926). Zootaxa, 2073, 1–21.
Webley, D. P. & Lewis, S. (1977). Punctodera punctata. CIH descriptions of plant-parasitic nematodes, set 7, no 102. Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology.
Wouts, W. M., & Weischer, B. (1977). Eine klassifizierung von fünfzehn in Westeuropa häufigen arten der Heteroderinae auf grund von larvenmerkmalen. Nematologica, 23, 289–310.
Wouts, W. M., Weischer, B., & Triggs, C. M. (1986). On the identity of European populations of Punctodera punctata (Nematoda: Heteroderidae). Nematologica, 32, 79–88.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (Córdoba) (PID 2018) and the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) (PIP N° 11220150100235).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Human participants and/or animals
No specific permits were required for the described studies.
Informed consent
The authors certify that the work carried out in this research followed the principles of ethical and professional conduct. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lax, P., Rondan Dueñas, J.C., Andrade, A.J. et al. Punctodera achalensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Punctoderidae), a new cyst nematode from Argentina. Eur J Plant Pathol 161, 397–409 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02331-7
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02331-7