Abstract
Bangladesh has a subtropical monsoon driven climate with diverse seasonal variations. These variations are primarily influenced by atmospheric heat-flux, local hydrodynamics, and geomorphological features. The present study describes the seasonal temperature-salinity profile of a tidal river Halda considering two distinct seasons (monsoon and winter). Surface and bottom temperature and salinity varied from 22.1–28.6 °C and 0.4–1.2 psu respectively. Overall temperature variation followed isothermal characteristics in both seasons, while winter was significantly colder than monsoon (p < 0.05). The temperature gradient was almost similar during 2011–12 and 2012–13 but comparatively higher in 2013–14 (0.12 °C/m). Salinity concentration found 3–4 folds higher in winter than monsoon without any strong gradient between surface and bottom. As a typical river estuary, salinity decreased upstream. The Halda mouth was remarkably (p < 0.05) salty than upstream sites with 0.04–0.05 psu throughout monsoon and 0.91–1.0 psu amid winters. Three-year trends of salinity have coincided with sea surface elevation with a positive non-significant correlation. The saltwater intrudes about 6 km upstream with sea surface elevation of 0.12 m from 1993 to 2013. Over the years, the rainfall pattern has also been marked as one of the influential factors controlling the temperature-salinity profile. Moreover, the sequential plotting model described the trend of salinity at the river mouth. This initial study depicts a clear view of seasonal variability and recent saltwater incursion with sea-level rise and possible alterations in local ecology, geomorphology, and coastal processes.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Institute of Marine Sciences (IMS), University of Chittagong, Bangladesh for laboratory facilities and technical assistants. Sincere gratitude is extended to the Bangladesh Meteorological Department; and Department of Hydrography, Chittagong Port Authority for providing the spatio-temporal rainfall data and tidal amplitude data, respectively. We also would like to express deep gratitude to the honorable late Professor Dr. Mohammed Zafar and Professor Dr. Muslem Uddin Munna, IMS for their guidance; António Moniz Medeiros, University of Azores, Portugal and Md. Al-Imran for their input in field and laboratory analysis.
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Talukder, A., Mallick, D. & Mondal, S. Seasonal Surface and Bottom Temperature-salinity Anomaly of a Subtropical River in Response to Sea Surface Elevation. Thalassas 37, 445–456 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-021-00319-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-021-00319-y