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Development and anatomical traits of black pine on an abandoned agricultural land compared to forested areas

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Abstract

Global acreage of forested lands has increased in some countries. At least some of this increase is due to the natural conversion of abandoned agricultural lands into forests. However, little is known about how these new stands develop on abandoned agricultural lands in comparison with natural regeneration of existing forests. Specifically, knowledge of how black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) naturally establishes and develops on abandoned agricultural lands is limited. In this study, we examined the density and growth of black pine saplings as well as some morphological and anatomical characteristics on an abandoned agricultural land (AAS). These data were compared with those observed in a naturally regenerated stand (NRS), and in a forest opening (FOS). The greatest sapling density was observed in the NRS site, while sapling growth and stem biomass were higher in AAS followed by NRS and FOS. Moreover, each study site exhibited site-specific morphological and anatomical traits in their saplings. Our findings showed that site treatments and overstory openness would both play crucial role for establishment and development of black pine.

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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Kastamonu Regional Directorate of Forestry, and Emre Genç for providing access to the study areas for this research. Moreover, the authors would like to acknowledge Erol Aksu, Abdurrahman Göksu, and Kamil Karabıyıkoğlu for their help during the fieldworks.

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  1. Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu University, 37100, Kastamonu, Turkey

    Ferhat Kara & Seray Özden Keleş

  2. School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

    Edward F. Loewenstein

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  1. Ferhat Kara
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  2. Seray Özden Keleş
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  3. Edward F. Loewenstein
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FK and SÖ conceived the idea, developed the framework, collected data, and compiled the literature; EFL worked with the writing and editing.

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Kara, F., Keleş, S.Ö. & Loewenstein, E.F. Development and anatomical traits of black pine on an abandoned agricultural land compared to forested areas. Environ Monit Assess 193, 621 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09403-5

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