Abstract
The most common form of the disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is latent toxoplasmosis due to the formation of tissue cysts in various organs, such as the brain. Latent toxoplasmosis is probably a risk factor in the development of some neuropsychiatric disorders. Behavioral changes after infection are caused by the host immune response, manipulation by the parasite, central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, as well as changes in hormonal and neuromodulator relationships. The present review focused on the exact mechanisms of T. gondii effect on the alteration of behavior and neurotransmitter levels, their catabolites and metabolites, as well as the interaction between immune responses and this parasite in the etiopathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. The dysfunction of neurotransmitters in the neural transmission is associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, further intensive studies are required to determine the effect of this parasite on altering the level of neurotransmitters and the role of neurotransmitters in the etiology of host behavioral changes.
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Abbreviations
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- DALYs:
-
Disability-adjusted life years
- HIV:
-
Human immunodeficiency virus
- T. gondii :
-
Toxoplasma gondii
- IgG:
-
Immunoglobulin G
- MDD:
-
Major depression disorder
- SZ:
-
Schizophrenia
- BD:
-
Bipolar disorder
- OCD:
-
Obsessive–compulsive disorder
- AD:
-
Alzheimer's disease
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
- ADHD:
-
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
- TH:
-
Tyrosine hydroxylase
- D2R:
-
Dopamine receptor D2
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells
- IL-1β:
-
Interleukin 1 beta
- GABA:
-
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- DR:
-
Dopamine receptors
- AAH:
-
Aromatic acid hydroxylase genes
- IFN-γ:
-
Interferon-gamma
- NK:
-
Natural killer
- GTP-CH1:
-
Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1
- BH4:
-
Tetrahydrobiopterin
- DCs:
-
Dendritic cells
- TLR:
-
Toll-like receptor
- IDO:
-
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- KA:
-
Kynurenic acid
- QA:
-
Quinolinic acid
- NMDA:
-
N-methyl-D-aspartate
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MAOA:
-
Monoamine oxidase A
- MeHg:
-
Methylmercury
- Th:
-
T helper
- EAATs:
-
Excitatory amino acid transporters
- GAD67:
-
Glutamic acid decarboxylase 67
- CCL5:
-
CC chemokine ligand 5
- CXCL9:
-
CXC chemokine ligand 9
- CXCL10:
-
CXC chemokine ligand 10
- WFS1:
-
Wolfram syndrome 1
- MePD:
-
Poster-dorsal medial amygdala
- AVP:
-
Arginine vasopressin
- eNOS:
-
endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- nNOS:
-
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase
- iNOS:
-
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
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Nayeri, T., Sarvi, S. & Daryani, A. Toxoplasmosis: Targeting neurotransmitter systems in psychiatric disorders. Metab Brain Dis 37, 123–146 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-021-00824-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-021-00824-2