Fabrication, structural, optical, and dielectric properties of PVC-PbO nanocomposites, as well as their gamma-ray shielding capability
Introduction
Due to the interesting and sole physical properties of polymer nanocomposite materials such as easy fabrication, low cost, flexibility, high strength, appropriate mechanical features, they have been gained special attraction from several researchers and investigators. Variety of polymer materials make them acts as prospect hosts for different nanoparticle materials. Nanoparticles with different concentrations can be added with good distribution in the host polymer, therefore the doping of nanoparticles in polymer matrices presents a great improvement in polymer nanocomposites properties such as optical and electrical properties due to the combination between features of organic and inorganic materials. For the forementioned properties, polymer nanocomposite materials have been applied in areas of engineering such as wind power turbine (El-Menshawy et al., 2019), automotive exterior (Elsad et al., 2020), and insulating electric cables (Mansour et al., 2016, 2018; Ali et al., 2020a), in area of electronic instruments such as optoelectronic devices (Holder et al., 2008), gas sensor (Bai and Shi, 2007), infra-red sensors (Pradhan et al., 2008), magnetic application (Hossain et al., 2020; Mansour et al., 2021), solar cells, and electrochemical cells applications (Kwong et al., 2004) and in optical devices such as optical fibers, optical storage systems, and optical waveguides (Trindade et al., 2000; Ebnalwaled and Thabet, 2016).
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is considered as one of the most popular polymers. PVC polymers characterized by several physical and chemical features such as thermal stability, safety, elasticity, transparency, wide optical band gap, low cost, easy preparation, mechanical strength, and good insulation which make them more suitable in various applications by implanting different types of nanoparticles in pure PVC (Mansour et al., 2016; Dimitry et al., 2009; Mallakpour et al., 2016). Thermal degradation, electrical, and mechanical features of PVC have been enhanced via implanting graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes (Al-Hartomy et al., 2011; Broza et al., 2007). Al-Ghamdi et al. (2009), established graphene nanosheet/PVC for electromagnetic waves shielding.
The effect of gamma-ray on the properties of polyacrylonitrile films, surface, thermo-mechanical properties, and optimized quality factor of polyvinyl chloride nanocomposites have been reported previously (Pawde and Deshmukh, 2008; Deshmukh et al., 2013, 2015; Deshmukh and Joshi, 2014; Joshi and Deshmukh, 2014). In addition, several authors reported on microstructure, electromagnetic interference, morphology, mechanical, and dielectric characteristics of different nanocomposites such as in (Khadheer Pasha et al., 2017; Joseph et al., 2018; Muzaffar et al., 2019, 2020; Rani et al., 2020). Tishkevich et al., [(Tishkevich et al., 2018; Tishkevich et al., 2020, Tishkevichet al, 2020)] have been studied the impact of the synthesis conditions and microstructure for highly effective electron shields based on Bi coatings and energy losses of high-energy ions in single-layered and multilayered materials.
The optical properties of PVC/metal oxides nanocomposites have been enhanced by controlling their refractive index as in (Mahmoud and Al-Ghamdi, 2011; Abdul Nabi et al., 2014; El Sayed et al., 2014). The optical features of PVC/ZnO nanocomposites irradiated by continuous CO2 laser with different energies reported by Hamad et al. (2014).
The influence of PVC/ZnO nanocomposites films on their optical characteristics was studied by Al-Taa'y et al., (Al-Taay et al., 2014). The authors reported that the presence of ZnO leads to an enhancement within the absorption and decrease within the transparency of PVC/ZnO nanocomposite films. In addition, they reported that values of refractive index, extinction coefficient, and optical conductivity were increased but the Urbach energy decreased with increasing ZnO content in the pure PVC. Both dielectric and optical features of PVC/Cr2O3 nanocomposite films have been investigated by Hassen et al. (2014).
In the field of neutron ionizing radiation protection, concrete, polymers, alloys, glasses, and glass-ceramics have been used widely used as radiation shielding (Singh et al., 2015; Al-Buriahi and Rammah, 2019; Rammah et al., 2020; Ali et al., 2020b; Sayyed et al., 2021).
The present work aims to investigate the physical, linear optical, dielectric spectroscopy and photon shielding competence of fabricated PVC doped with PbO nanoparticles. The density, absorbance, reflectance, transmittance, optical energy band gap, refractive index, Urbach energy of the fabricated PVC-PbO nanocomposites films are performed. Dielectric spectroscopy of the fabricated PVC-PbO nanocomposites films is measured throughout temperature range from room temperature to 363 k. Several shielding parameters such as MAC, LAC, MFP, HVL, Zeff, the fast neutrons effective removal cross-section ∑R of the PVC-PbO nanocomposites films are evaluated.
Section snippets
PVC-PbO nanocomposites preparation
In this study, PVC-PbO nanocomposites films with different concentrations of PbO nanoparticles (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 25 wt%) were prepared at room temperature by using polyvinyl chloride (PVC, extra pure powder with density 1.4 g/mL at 25 °C manufactured by Alpha Chemika, India), lead nitrate Pb(NO3)2 (Aldrich) and triton X-100 (Loba Chemie, India) as raw materials. PbO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by via the sol–gel method (Abouhaswa and Taha, 2019) as follows; 30 mL triton X-10 and
X-ray diffraction and density of PVC-PbO nanocomposites
XRD patterns of the PbO nanoparticles, pure PVC (PP1) and PVC-PbO (PP3, PP5, and PP6) nanocomposites are shown in Fig. 1a and b. The upper frame of this figure indicates that the obtained PbO powder nanoparticles and the diffraction peaks observed are assigned to the tetragonal PbO (JCPDS card No. 77–1971) (JCPDS-ICDD Card No 77-1971, 2002). It specifies that we have a single-phase with tetragonal structure α-PbO and space group 129P4/nmm.
The Scherrer formula (Eqn. (11)) was used in order to
Conclusion
In this work, the physical, linear optical, dielectric spectroscopy and photon shielding competence of fabricated PVC doped with PbO nanoparticles were investigated. The density increases from 1.4451 g. cm−3 for PP1 sample to 2.1014 g. cm−3 for PP6 samples with the increase of PbO NPs concentration from 0 to 25 wt%. The optical band gap decreases from 5.14 to 4.54 eV for the direct transition and from 4.50 to 3.75 eV for the indirect transition as the concentration of PbO increases. In
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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