Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Establishing a Global Standard for Wearable Devices in Sport and Exercise Medicine: Perspectives from Academic and Industry Stakeholders

  • Leading Article
  • Published:
Sports Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Millions of consumer sport and fitness wearables (CSFWs) are used worldwide, and millions of datapoints are generated by each device. Moreover, these numbers are rapidly growing, and they contain a heterogeneity of devices, data types, and contexts for data collection. Companies and consumers would benefit from guiding standards on device quality and data formats. To address this growing need, we convened a virtual panel of industry and academic stakeholders, and this manuscript summarizes the outcomes of the discussion. Our objectives were to identify (1) key facilitators of and barriers to participation by CSFW manufacturers in guiding standards and (2) stakeholder priorities. The venues were the Yale Center for Biomedical Data Science Digital Health Monthly Seminar Series (62 participants) and the New England Chapter of the American College of Sports Medicine Annual Meeting (59 participants). In the discussion, stakeholders outlined both facilitators of (e.g., commercial return on investment in device quality, lucrative research partnerships, and transparent and multilevel evaluation of device quality) and barriers (e.g., competitive advantage conflict, lack of flexibility in previously developed devices) to participation in guiding standards. There was general agreement to adopt Keadle et al.’s standard pathway for testing devices (i.e., benchtop, laboratory, field-based, implementation) without consensus on the prioritization of these steps. Overall, there was enthusiasm not to add prescriptive or regulatory steps, but instead create a networking hub that connects companies to consumers and researchers for flexible guidance navigating the heterogeneity, multi-tiered development, dynamicity, and nebulousness of the CSFW field.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. How many IoT devices are there in 2021? Techjury. https://techjury.net/blog/how-many-iot-devices-are-there/#gref. 2021. Accessed 18 June 2021.

  2. European Commission. Smart wearables: Reflection and orientation paper including feedback from stakeholders. https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=50020. 2017. Accessed 18 June 2021.

  3. Smartwatch shipments forecast worldwide from 2016 to 2025(in millions). Statista. 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/878144/worldwide-smart-wristwear-shipments-forecast/. Accessed 18 June 2021.

  4. Peake JM, Kerr G, Sullivan JP. A critical review of consumer wearables, mobile applications, and equipment for providing biofeedback, monitoring stress, and sleep in physically active populations. Front Physiol. 2018;28(9):743.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Gaffey AE, Jeon S, Conley S, Jacoby D, Ash GI, Yaggi HK, et al. Perceived stress, subjective, and objective symptoms of disturbed sleep in men and women with stable heart failure. Behav Sleep Med. 2021;19(3):363–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Jo E, Lewis K, Directo D, Kim MJ, Dolezal BA. Validation of biofeedback wearables for photoplethysmographic heart rate tracking. J Sports Sci Med. 2016;15(3):540–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Landers J, Fitbit I. Case no. 16-cv-00777-JD. N D Cal. 2016 November 14, 2016.

  8. McLellan K, Fitbit I. Case no.16-cv-00036-JD. N D Cal. 2018 July 24, 2018.

  9. Fuller D, Colwell E, Low J, Orychock K, Tobin MA, Simango B, et al. Reliability and validity of commercially available wearable devices for measuring steps, energy expenditure, and heart rate: systematic review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2020;8(9):e18694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Murakami H, Kawakami R, Nakae S, Yamada Y, Nakata Y, Ohkawara K, et al. Accuracy of 12 wearable devices for estimating physical activity energy expenditure using a metabolic chamber and the doubly labeled water method: validation study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2019;7(8):e13938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Pirker W, Katzenschlager R. Gait disorders in adults and the elderly: a clinical guide. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2017;129(3–4):81–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Duking P, Stammel C, Sperlich B, Sutehall S, Muniz-Pardos B, Lima G, et al. Necessary steps to accelerate the integration of wearable sensors into recreation and competitive sports. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(6):178–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Duking P, Fuss FK, Holmberg HC, Sperlich B. Recommendations for assessment of the reliability, sensitivity, and validity of data provided by wearable sensors designed for monitoring physical activity. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2018;6(4):e102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kotz D, Gunter CA, Kumar S, Weiner JP. Privacy and security in mobile health: a research agenda. Computer (Long Beach Calif). 2016;49(6):22–30.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Galvin HK, DeMuro PR. Developments in privacy and data ownership in mobile health technologies, 2016–2019. Yearb Med Inform. 2020;29(1):32–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Wellness programs raise privacy concerns over health data. The Society for Human Resources Management. 2016. https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/technology/pages/wellness-programs-raise-privacy-concerns-over-health-data.aspx. Accessed 18 June 2021.

  17. Raber I, McCarthy CP, Yeh RW. Health insurance and mobile health devices: opportunities and concerns. JAMA. 2019;321(18):1767–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Conley S, Knies A, Batten J, Ash GI, Miner B, Hwang Y, et al. Agreement between actigraphic and polysomnographic measures of sleep in adults with and without chronic conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2019;46:151–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. The strava heat map and the end of secrets. 2018. https://www.wired.com/story/strava-heat-map-military-bases-fitness-trackers-privacy/. Accessed 18 June 2021.

  20. Protecting patient privacy and security while exploiting the utility of next generation digital health wearables. 2019. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2019/01/18/protecting-patient-privacy-and-security-while-exploiting-the-utility-of-next-generation-digital-health-wearables/. Accessed 18 June 2021.

  21. Mulder T. Health apps, their privacy policies and the GDPR. Eur J Law Tech. 2019;10(1). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3506805. Accessed 29 Dec 2020.

  22. Baron KG, Abbott S, Jao N, Manalo N, Mullen R. Orthosomnia: are some patients taking the quantified self too far? J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(2):351–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Nahum-Shani I, Smith SN, Spring BJ, Collins LM, Witkiewitz K, Tewari A, et al. Just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) in mobile health: key components and design principles for ongoing health behavior support. Ann Behav Med. 2018;52(6):446–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Berryhill S, Morton CJ, Dean A, Berryhill A, Provencio-Dean N, Patel SI, et al. Effect of wearables on sleep in healthy individuals: a randomized crossover trial and validation study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(5):775–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Shin G, Jarrahi MH, Fei Y, Karami A, Gafinowitz N, Byun A, et al. Wearable activity trackers, accuracy, adoption, acceptance and health impact: a systematic literature review. J Biomed Inform. 2019;93:103153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Benson DA, Cavanaugh M, Clark K, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Lipman DJ, Ostell J, et al. GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41(Database issue):D36–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA launches the digital health center of excellence. 2020. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-launches-digital-health-center-excellence. Accessed 18 June 2021.

  28. United States Food and Drug Administration. General wellness: policy for low-risk devices. Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff. 2019. https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/general-wellness-policy-low-risk-devices. Accessed 18 June 2021.

  29. Ravizza A, De Maria C, Di Pietro L, Sternini F, Audenino AL, Bignardi C. Comprehensive review on current and future regulatory requirements on wearable sensors in preclinical and clinical testing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2019;8(7):313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Spinner, J. Trelleborg helps wearables firms navigate new EU regulation. 2021. https://www.outsourcing-pharma.com/Article/2021/05/25/Trelleborg-helps-wearables-firms-navigate-new-EU-regulation. Accessed 18 June 2021.

  31. Are wearables medical devices requiring a CE-mark in the EU? Covington Digital Health. 2019. https://www.covingtondigitalhealth.com/2019/01/are-wearables-medical-devices-requiring-a-ce-mark-in-the-eu/. Accessed 18 June 2021.

  32. Ash GI, Stults-Kolehmainen M, Busa MA, Gregory R, Garber CE, Liu J, et al. Establishing a global standard for wearable devices in sport and fitness: perspectives from the new England chapter of the American college of sports medicine members. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2020;19(2):45–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Esliger DW, Copeland JL, Barnes JD, Tremblay MS. Standardizing and optimizing the use of accelerometer data for free-living physical activity monitoring. J Phys Act Health. 2005;2(3):366–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Keadle SK, Lyden KA, Strath SJ, Staudenmayer JW, Freedson PS. A framework to evaluate devices that assess physical behavior. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2019;47(4):206–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Dillon CB, Fitzgerald AP, Kearney PM, Perry IJ, Rennie KL, Kozarski R, et al. Number of days required to estimate habitual activity using wrist-worn GENEActiv accelerometer: a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(5):e0109913.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Jacobson NC, Lekkas D, Huang R, Thomas N. Deep learning paired with wearable passive sensing data predicts deterioration in anxiety disorder symptoms across 17–18 years. J Affect Disord. 2021;1(282):104–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Jacobs PG, Resalat N, El Youssef J, Reddy R, Branigan D, Preiser N, et al. Incorporating an exercise detection, grading, and hormone dosing algorithm into the artificial pancreas using accelerometry and heart rate. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015;9(6):1175–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. American Diabetes Association. 7. Diabetes technology: standards of medical care in diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(Suppl 1):S85–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Peraklsis E, Coravos A. Is health-care data the new blood? Lancet Dig Health. 2019;1:e8-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Michie S, Wood CE, Johnston M, Abraham C, Francis JJ, Hardeman W. Behaviour change techniques: the development and evaluation of a taxonomic method for reporting and describing behaviour change interventions (a suite of five studies involving consensus methods, randomised controlled trials and analysis of qualitative data). Health Technol Assess. 2015;19(99):1–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Stone JD, Rentz LE, Forsey J, Ramadan J, Markwald RR, Finomore VS, et al. Evaluations of commercial sleep technologies for objective monitoring during routine sleeping conditions. Nat Sci Sleep. 2020;27(12):821–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Consumer Technology Association Standards. https://shop.cta.tech/collections/standards. Accessed 18 June 2021.

  43. Johnston W, Judice PB, Molina García P, Mühlen JM, Lykke Skovgaard E, Stang J, et al. Recommendations for determining the validity of consumer wearable and smartphone step count: expert statement and checklist of the INTERLIVE network. Br J Sports Med. 2020. (Online ahead of print).

  44. Mühlen JM, Stang J, Lykke Skovgaard E, Judice PB, Molina-Garcia P, Johnston W, et al. Recommendations for determining the validity of consumer wearable heart rate devices: expert statement and checklist of the INTERLIVE network. Br J Sports Med. 2021. (Online ahead of print).

  45. Continua Design Guidelines. Personal Connected Health Alliance. 2019. https://www.pchalliance.org/continua-design-guidelines. Accessed 18 June 2021.

  46. IEEE P1752 Open Mobile Health Working Group. 2020. https://sagroups.ieee.org/1752/ Accessed 18 June 2021.

  47. Fucito LM, Ash GI, DeMartini KS, Pittman B, Barnett NP, Li CR, et al. A multimodal mobile sleep intervention for young adults engaged in risky drinking: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2021;10(2):e26557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Griggs S, Redeker NS, Crawford SL, Grey M. Sleep, self-management, neurocognitive function, and glycemia in emerging adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a research protocol. Res Nurs Health. 2020;43(4):317–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Ash GI, Nally LM, Stults-Kolehmainen M, De Los Santos M, Jeon S, Brandt C, et al. Personalized big data for type 1 diabetes exercise support. SportRxiv. 2021. 34vdc [Preprint]. https://doi.org/10.31236/osf.io/34vdc. Accessed 18 June 2021.

  50. Singh LG, Satyarengga M, Marcano I, Scott WH, Pinault LF, Feng Z, et al. Reducing inpatient hypoglycemia in the general wards using real-time continuous glucose monitoring: the glucose telemetry system, a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(11):2736–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Puente-Maestu L, Palange P, Casaburi R, Laveneziana P, Maltais F, Neder JA, et al. Use of exercise testing in the evaluation of interventional efficacy: an official ERS statement. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(2):429–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. David Korfhagen for transcribing the session recordings, Ms. Chanelle Simmons for providing edits and comments on the manuscript, and the organizers of the virtual events, especially Ms. Leslie Dawkins from the Yale Center for Biomedical Data Science.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA

    Garrett I. Ash, Allison E. Gaffey & Cynthia Brandt

  2. Center for Medical Informatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Garrett I. Ash & Cynthia Brandt

  3. Digestive Health Multispecialty Clinic, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA

    Matthew Stults-Kolehmainen

  4. Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Matthew Stults-Kolehmainen

  5. Center for Human Health and Performance, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA

    Michael A. Busa

  6. Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

    Michael A. Busa

  7. Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Allison E. Gaffey

  8. Centre for Stress and Age-related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK

    Konstantinos Angeloudis & Yannis P. Pitsiladis

  9. GENUD Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

    Borja Muniz-Pardos, José Antonio Casajus, Alex Gonzalez-Aguero & Irina Zelenkova

  10. Department of Health and Movement Sciences, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Robert Gregory

  11. Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Robert A. Huggins

  12. Yale School of Nursing, Orange, CT, USA

    Nancy S. Redeker

  13. Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Stuart A. Weinzimer & Laura M. Nally

  14. Google Health, Palo Alto, CA, USA

    Lauren A. Grieco

  15. VivoSense, Denver, CO, USA

    Kate Lyden

  16. Xsensio, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Esmeralda Megally

  17. Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, School Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    Ioannis Vogiatzis

  18. European Respiratory Society (ERS), Digital Health Working Group, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Ioannis Vogiatzis

  19. Consumer Technology Association Working Groups for Health Technology Standards, Washington, DC, USA

    LaurieAnn Scher

  20. Fitscript LLC, New Haven, CT, USA

    LaurieAnn Scher

  21. Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Xinxin Zhu

  22. Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

    Julien S. Baker

  23. School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, UK

    Julien S. Baker

  24. Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong

    Julien S. Baker

  25. Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Cynthia Brandt

  26. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    Michael S. Businelle

  27. Tobacco Settlement Endowment Trust Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    Michael S. Businelle

  28. Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Lisa M. Fucito & Walter Roberts

  29. Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA

    Lisa M. Fucito

  30. Smilow Cancer Hospital, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA

    Lisa M. Fucito

  31. Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Stephanie Griggs

  32. Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

    Robert Jarrin

  33. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA

    Robert Jarrin

  34. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Bobak J. Mortazavi

  35. Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA

    Temiloluwa Prioleau

  36. University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Elias K. Spanakis

  37. Division of Endocrinology, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Maryland, USA

    Elias K. Spanakis

  38. International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland

    Andre Debruyne, Norbert Bachl, Fabio Pigozzi, Farzin Halabchi, Dimakatso A. Ramagole, Dina C. Janse van Rensburg, Bernd Wolfarth, Sandra Rozenstoka, Mats Börjesson, José Antonio Casajus, Alex Gonzalez-Aguero, Jeroen Swart & Yannis P. Pitsiladis

  39. European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland

    Andre Debruyne, Norbert Bachl, Fabio Pigozzi, Sandra Rozenstoka & Yannis P. Pitsiladis

  40. Institute of Sports Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Norbert Bachl

  41. Austrian Institute of Sports Medicine, Vienna, Austria

    Norbert Bachl

  42. Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy

    Fabio Pigozzi & Chiara Fossati

  43. Villa Stuart Sport Clinic, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Rome, Italy

    Fabio Pigozzi

  44. Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Farzin Halabchi

  45. Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Farzin Halabchi

  46. Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

    Dimakatso A. Ramagole & Dina C. Janse van Rensburg

  47. Department of Sports Medicine, Humboldt University and Charité University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany

    Bernd Wolfarth

  48. FIMS Collaboration Centre of Sports Medicine, Sports Laboratory, Riga, Latvia

    Sandra Rozenstoka

  49. Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan

    Kumpei Tanisawa

  50. Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Center for Health and Performance, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Mats Börjesson

  51. Department of MGA, Region of Western Sweden, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Mats Börjesson

  52. I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia

    Irina Zelenkova

  53. Division of Physiological Sciences and HPALS Research Centre, FIMS Collaboration Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Jeroen Swart

  54. Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Gamze Gursoy, Jason Liu, Dov Greenbaum & Mark B. Gerstein

  55. Duke Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC, USA

    William Meyerson

  56. Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    William Meyerson & Mark B. Gerstein

  57. Zvi Meitar Institute for Legal Implications of Emerging Technologies, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel

    Dov Greenbaum

  58. Harry Radyzner Law School, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel

    Dov Greenbaum

  59. Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Mark B. Gerstein

  60. Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Mark B. Gerstein

Authors
  1. Garrett I. Ash
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Matthew Stults-Kolehmainen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael A. Busa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Allison E. Gaffey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Konstantinos Angeloudis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Borja Muniz-Pardos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Robert Gregory
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Robert A. Huggins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Nancy S. Redeker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Stuart A. Weinzimer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Lauren A. Grieco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Kate Lyden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Esmeralda Megally
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Ioannis Vogiatzis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. LaurieAnn Scher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Xinxin Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Julien S. Baker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Cynthia Brandt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Michael S. Businelle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Lisa M. Fucito
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Stephanie Griggs
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Robert Jarrin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Bobak J. Mortazavi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. Temiloluwa Prioleau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. Walter Roberts
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. Elias K. Spanakis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  27. Laura M. Nally
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  28. Andre Debruyne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  29. Norbert Bachl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  30. Fabio Pigozzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  31. Farzin Halabchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  32. Dimakatso A. Ramagole
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  33. Dina C. Janse van Rensburg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  34. Bernd Wolfarth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  35. Chiara Fossati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  36. Sandra Rozenstoka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  37. Kumpei Tanisawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  38. Mats Börjesson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  39. José Antonio Casajus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  40. Alex Gonzalez-Aguero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  41. Irina Zelenkova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  42. Jeroen Swart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  43. Gamze Gursoy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  44. William Meyerson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  45. Jason Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  46. Dov Greenbaum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  47. Yannis P. Pitsiladis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  48. Mark B. Gerstein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yannis P. Pitsiladis.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Dr. Robert Huggins is currently employed by the Korey Stringer Institute, which is a 501(c)3 not-for-profit organization with corporate partners that support the mission of the institute. These partners include the National Football League, Gatorade, the National Athletic Trainers’ Association, Mission Athletecare, Kestrel by Neilsen Kellerman, Eagle Pharmaceuticals, and DeFibtech. These entities provided no financial support, other support, or other influence toward the manuscript. Dr. Stuart Weinzimer has received honoraria for serving as Speaker and/or Consultant for Medtronic, Insulet, and Tandem, manufacturers of diabetes technologies that are relevant to the subject of the manuscript; these commercial entities were not in any manner involved with the research, preparation, or review of the manuscript. Mr. Robert Jarrin has been compensated as a strategic advisor by the CTA, MiCare Path (consulting fees or honorarium), and Strive Orthopedics, Inc. (stock/stock options). In addition, he serves as Member/Advisor to the American Medical Association (AMA) Digital Medicine Payment Advisory Group (DMPAG). Drs. Garrett Ash, Matthew Stults-Kolehmainen, Michael Busa, Allison Gaffey, Mr. Konstantinos Angeloudis, Drs. Borja Muniz-Pardos, Robert Gregory, Nancy Redeker, Lauren Grieco, Kate Lyden, Ms. Esmeralda Megally, Dr. Ioannis Vogiatzis, Ms. LaurieAnn Scher, Drs. Xinxin Zhu, Julien Baker, Cynthia Brandt, Michael Businelle, Lisa Fucito, Stephanie Griggs, Bobak Mortazavi, Temiloluwa Prioleau, Walter Roberts, Elias Spanakis, Laura Nally, Andre Debruyne, Norbert Bachl, Fabio Pigozzi, Farzin Halabchi, Dimakatso Ramagole, Dina Janse van Rensburg, Bernd Wolfarth, Chiara Fossati, Sandra Rozenstoka, Kumpei Tanisawa, Mats Börjesson, José Casajus, Alex Gonzalez-Aguero, Irina Zelenkova, Jeroen Swart, Gamze Gursoy, William Meyerson, Mr. Jason Liu, Drs Dov Greenbaum, Yannis Pitsiladis, and Mark Gerstein declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this article.

Funding

Dr. Garrett Ash was supported by a fellowship from the Office of Academic Affiliations at the United States Veterans Health Administration and a Robert E. Leet and Clara Guthrie Patterson Trust Mentored Research Award, Bank of America, N.A., Trustee. Dr. Elias Spanakis was partially supported by the VA MERIT award (#1I01CX001825) from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Clinical Sciences Research and Development Service. Dr. Allison Gaffey was supported by a research grant from the National Institutes of Health (R01HL126770). Dr. Stephanie Griggs was supported by mentored research scientist awards from the National Institutes of Health (K99NR018886) and the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (220-BS-19). Dr. Walter Roberts (K23AA026890), Dr. Laura Nally (K12DK094714-10), and Dr. Gamse Gursoy (K99HG010909) were supported by mentored research scientist awards from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Mark Gerstein was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01DA051906). No other sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this manuscript.

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Author contributions

The first draft of the manuscript was written by Garrett Ash and Yannis Pitsiladis. All authors commented on subsequent versions of the manuscript until all authors were able to approve the final manuscript.

Data availability

The data are the transcription of the session recordings, available from author Garrett Ash (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-7525, garrett.ash@yale.edu) and permitted for reuse with his permission.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ash, G.I., Stults-Kolehmainen, M., Busa, M.A. et al. Establishing a Global Standard for Wearable Devices in Sport and Exercise Medicine: Perspectives from Academic and Industry Stakeholders. Sports Med 51, 2237–2250 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01543-5

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01543-5

Search

Navigation