Invited reviewReview: Regeneration of the tail in lizards appears regulated by a balanced expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressors
Section snippets
Regeneration evolved in lizards provides clues for regeneration in other amniotes
The ability to repair tissue or organ injury or loss varies broadly among vertebrates, from an almost complete regeneration of various organs in some urodele amphibians, lungfishes and actinopterigian fish to a complete failure in the other species, particularly in terrestrial forms, the amniotes (Goss, 1969, Reichman, 1984, Tsonis, 2000, Carlson, 2007). Mankind has been fascinated and at the same time wondering while only these few low vertebrates and not mammals are gifted with such an
Immunohistochemical analysis indicates cell control in the formation of the regenerative tail blastema in lizards
Histological, ultrastructural and expression studies have indicated that a process of EMT occurs during early stages of tail regeneration, the wound healing period (Alibardi, 2010a, Alibardi, 2010b, Alibardi, 2012a, Alibardi, 2012b, Gilbert et al., 2013). Keratinocytes at the borders of the stump take an elongate shape and migrate in sheets underneath the scab formed at 1–3 days post-amputation/autotomy (Fig. 1 A; Alibardi and Toni, 2005; Alibardi, 2010b; McLean and Vickaryous, 2011; Delorme et
Transcriptome and immunolocalization analyses of the regenerating blastema in the lizard P. muralis
Once the blastema is formed a regulated growth into a new tail occurs but how is this process controlled in lizards? The study trying to address this problem were empirical up to 2017 since various proteins and growth factors known to be involved in amphibians regeneration were also tested in lizards for comparison (Alibardi, 2010a, Alibardi, 2014). The situation dramatically changed when, in 2016–2017, the first transcriptome of P. muralis, was obtained and the search for specific genes and
Conclusions and the future of regeneration research
The immunolabeling studies have shown that the proteins coded by numerous key genes are distributed with the highest intensity in the same tissues known from experimental and microscopical studies to be essential for the regeneration of the tail, namely the apical wound epidermis and the ependyma of regenerating spinal cord. The regulated regeneration of the tail is likely obtained by the balanced action of onco-genes and tumor-suppressors within apical epithelial and ependymal cells and three
Ethical statement
I confirm that the study reported in this Review MS results from my personal work and that I have not submitted the MS to other Journals.
Declaration of Competing Interest
Hereby I declare that I have no conflicts of interest in my MS.
Acknowledgments
The transcriptome of P. muralis and the following immunohistochemical studies here presented have been self-supported (payment as a service from CRIBRI, University of Padova, Italy), elaborated and made by the author. I thank the skillful bioinformatics ability of Dr. Nicola Vitulo (University of Padua, Italy).
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Immunohistochemistry indicates that persistent inflammation determines failure of tail, limb and finger regeneration in the Lizard Podarcis muralis
2022, Annals of AnatomyCitation Excerpt :Although basophil/eosinophil granulocytes may also be present, they are difficult to be discriminated and only in few cases they show a polymorphic nucleus (arrow in the inset of Fig. 3 C). Aside these limitations, the present observations further support the idea that activation of pro-inflammatory immune cells is one of the main causes that impede organ regeneration in lizards, and terrestrial vertebrates generally (Koh and DiPietro, 2013; Simkin et al., 2017; Mescher, 2017; Mescher et al., 2017; Iismaa et al., 2018; Alibardi, a-c, 2021; He et al., 2021). In the first experimental case analyzed, the light and electron microscopy studies indicate that the stump front in these non-regenerating tails is covered with a coagulated pus-corneous material.
Review. Limb regeneration in lizards under natural and experimental conditions with considerations on the induction of appendages regeneration in amniotes
2022, Annals of AnatomyCitation Excerpt :Among amniotes lizards show the highest regenerative capability in the tail but only limited healing ability and most scarring in other injured organs, like in mammals and birds (Bellairs and Bryant, 1985; Alibardi, 2010a, 2014, 2018a, 2021a; Gilbert et al., 2013; Jacyniak et al., 2017).
Manipulating Myc for reparative regeneration
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