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Heavy metals controlling cardiovascular diseases risk factors in myocardial infarction patients in critically environmentally heavy metal-polluted steel industrial town Mandi-Gobindgarh (India)

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Abstract

Heavy metals (HMs) have a very significant clinical role in the pathogenesis, progression and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The prevalence of CVDs was reported to be higher in critically environmentally HM-polluted (EHMP) steel industrial town Mandi-Gobindgarh (India) for the last more than a decade. To ascertain the role of HMs in the onset of CVDs, the present study was chosen to investigate HMs content in myocardial infarction (MI) patients from EHMP steel industrial town Mandi-Gobindgarh. Total of 110 MI patients along with number- and age-matched healthy volunteers were recruited in the present investigation. The CVDs risk factors estimated in MI patients were overweight (higher body mass index), hypertension (higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures), dyslipidaemia (higher serum cholesterol, triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol), inflammation (higher-serum C reactive protein and aldosterone) and elevated oxidative stress (higher urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine). An imbalance of serum electrolyte concentrations including Na (hypernatremia), Ca (hypercalcaemia) and K (hypokalaemia) was also observed in MI patients in which CVDs risk factors were found to correlate positively with serum Na and Ca and negatively with serum K, respectively. Hair HM analysis was used as a bio-indicator for monitoring body HM status from past environmental HM exposure in which CVDs risk factors were observed to correlate positively with higher hair concentrations of Zn, Fe, Mo, Pb, As, Ca and Na and negatively with lower hair concentrations of Cu, Mg, Mn and K in MI patients, respectively. Thus, higher hair concentrations of Zn and Pb indicate their higher environmental exposure and possible cause of higher CVDs risk factors in MI patients from Mandi-Gobindgarh.

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Acknowledgements

The financial grant provided by University Grants Commission (New Delhi, India) to Post Doctoral Fellow Dr. Reshu Mandal [Award No:F.15-1/2012-13/PDFWM-2012-13-OB-CHA-16486-(SA-II)] is gratefully acknowledged. We thank the team of technical staff at Civil Hospital, Mandi-Gobindgarh (Punjab), for their assistance in the recruitment of patients (volunteers), sample collection and clinical tests. Thanks are also due to Mr. Tejbir Singh for heavy metal analysis of hair samples on WD-XRF.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Sector-26, Chandigarh, UT, India

    Reshu Mandal

  2. Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, UT, India

    Sukhbir Kaur

  3. Civil Hospital, Mandi-Gobindgarh, Fatehgarh Sahib District, Punjab, India

    Vinod kumar Gupta

  4. Department of Biotechnology and Microbial Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Sector-26, Chandigarh, UT, India

    Amit Joshi

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First author (principle investigator) has conducted the present study along with writing, drafting and preparing the manuscript. Second and third authors have supervised the present research work. Fourth author has provided his immense help, support, facilities (SPSS software) and guidance for statistical data analysis, compilation and interpretation of results/data and revising of this manuscript.

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Correspondence to Reshu Mandal.

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The present study was approved and reviewed by an accredited committee “Panjab University Institutional Ethics Committee (PUIEC), Chandigarh” [letter no: PUIEC/2014/127/1-A/29/09; dated: 15/10/2015]. It is verified here that written informed consents from participating subjects (volunteers) were obtained prior to conducting the present study. It is further certified here that the present study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments (comparable ethical standards). It is also stated here that publication of research data would be done while safeguarding the privacy and confidentiality of human participants as per the rules of PUIEC.

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Mandal, R., Kaur, S., Gupta, V.k. et al. Heavy metals controlling cardiovascular diseases risk factors in myocardial infarction patients in critically environmentally heavy metal-polluted steel industrial town Mandi-Gobindgarh (India). Environ Geochem Health 44, 3215–3238 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01068-w

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