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Spatial patterns of magnetic susceptibility optimized by anisotropic correction in different Alisols in southern Amazonas, Brazil

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Abstract

Changes in primary cover for agricultural crops in Amazonas region influence the phenomenon of spatial variability in soil properties. This phenomenon is still studied assuming that the spatial data is isotropic, but does not consider the anisotropic pattern of soil properties. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize, identify and correct isotropic patterns of magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements using anisotropic models that actually represent the spatial aspects of the data. Three cultivation areas and one under native forest, classified as Haplic Alisol, were georeferenced and sampled by a mesh system covering 192 samples per area. Texture, X-ray diffraction and frequency-dependent (χfd) and mass-specific (χlf and χhf) magnetic susceptibility analyzes were performed. Then, classical and geostatistical analyzes were applied to the data, assuming isotropy and anisotropy. All χ frequencies were shown to be spatially dependent, satisfying the isotropy hypothesis. Thereby, the application of anisotropic analysis was able to confirm the presence of all types of anisotropy in Alisols. Anisotropic correction provided an improvement in models that fit the directional trends within the areas, and provided a reduction in the nugget effect and an increase in the correlation ranges. Thus, the generated kriging maps improved the patches of zonal trends of greater or lesser χ that stand out at the level of sub-regions. These zones should, therefore, be used as indicators of variability, paying special attention during their management, especially in research related to the delimitation of specific management zones.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for funding the study, to the Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), to the members of the Amazon Environment and Soil Research Group (GPSAA) for assistance in the field and laboratory, and to the José Luiz Vonzuben for his disposition in the translation review of this article willingly.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Amazon Environment and Soil Research Group (GPSAA), Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

    Wildson Benedito Mendes Brito, José Maurício da Cunha, Alan Ferreira Leite de Lima & Thalita Silva Martins

  2. Amazon Environment and Soil Research Group (GPSAA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, Paraíba, Brazil

    Milton César Costa Campos

  3. Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil

    Fernando Gomes de Souza

  4. Soil Characterization for Specific Management Research Group (CSME), Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Paulista State University (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil

    Laércio Santos Silva

  5. Department of Soils and Rural Engineering, Agricultural Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba (DSER/CCA/UFPB), Areia, Paraíba, Brazil

    Flávio Pereira de Oliveira

  6. Federal Institute of Rondônia (IFRO), Ariquemes, Rondônia, Brazil

    Ivanildo Amorim de Oliveira

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Brito, W.B.M., Campos, M.C.C., de Souza, F.G. et al. Spatial patterns of magnetic susceptibility optimized by anisotropic correction in different Alisols in southern Amazonas, Brazil. Precision Agric 23, 419–449 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-021-09843-6

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