Abstract
Backgrounds
Vegetation dynamics play a dominant role in the global carbon cycle and climate, especially in vulnerable karst ecosystem. Many studies have examined the past several decades changes in vegetation greenness and the associated with climate drivers. Yet, few studies have analyzed the vegetation change in global karst regions particularly in the last decades when climate change and anthropogenic disturbance widely occurred.
Methods
In this study, we investigated the spatio-temporal variations in vegetation dynamic using the Seasonally Integrated Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (SINDVI) and examined their relationship with climate changes using correlation analysis, the ordinary least squares method investigate the variation trends and the Mann-Kendal test to detect the turning points from 2001 to 2020.
Results
As expected, there were greening trends in global karst SINDVI from 2001 to 2020, with significant increasing trends in China (range = 0.836, P < 0.05), Europe (range = 0.456, P < 0.05) and many other regions. According to correlation analyses, SINDVI was water-limited in arid and semi-arid regions, such as Middle East and central Asia, and temperature-limited in northern high-latitude.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that anthropogenic activities were mainly responsible for the increasing vegetation greenness in tailoring management measures (e.g., Ecological Engineering, the Grain to Green Project) in China and Europe, and intensive farm in Middle East. Coupling warming temperature and increasing precipitation, southeastern Asia and Russia showed increasing trends in SINDVI. In general, climate factors were the dominant drivers for the variation in vegetation greenness in globally karst regions during research period.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adler RF, Gu G, Sapiano M et al (2017) Global precipitation: Means, variations and trends during the satellite era (1979–2014). Surv Geophys 38:679–699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9416-4
Aguilar C, Zinnert JC, Polo MJ, Young DR (2012) NDVI as an indicator for changes in water availability to woody vegetation. Ecol Indic 23:290–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.04.008
Azzali S, Menenti M (2000) Mapping vegetation-soil-climate complexes in southern Africa using temporal Fourier analysis of NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data. Int J Remote Sens 21:973–996. https://doi.org/10.1080/014311600210380
Baldocchi DD, Xu LK, Kiang N (2004) How plant functional-type, weather, seasonal drought, and soil physicalproperties alter water and energy fluxes of an oak-grass savanna and an annual grassland. Agric For Meteor 123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.11.006
Begue A, Vintrou E, Ruelland D, Claden M, Dessay N (2011) Can a 25-year trend in Soudano-Sahelian vegetation dynamics be interpreted in terms of land use change? A remote sensing approach. Glob Environ Chang 21:413–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.02.002
Berner LT, Massey R, Jantz P et al (2020) Summer warming explains widespread but not uniform greening in the Arctic tundra biome. Nat Commun 11:4621. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18479-5
Cabello J, Fernández N, Alcaraz-Segura D, Oyonarte C, Piñeiro G, Altesor A, Delibes M, Paruelo JM (2012) The ecosystem functioning dimension in conservation: insights from remote sensing. Biodivers Conserv 21:3287–3305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0370-7
Cao J, Jiang Z, Yuan D, Xia R, Zhang C (2017) The progress in the study of the karst dynamic system and global changes in the past 30 years. Geol in China 44:874–900
Chen X, Pan W (2010) Relationships among phenological growing season, time-integrated normalized difference vegetation index and climate forcing in the temperate region of eastern China. Int J Climatol 22:1781–1792. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.823
Chen C, Park TJ, Wang XH, Piao SL, Xu B, Chaturvedi RK, Fuchs R, Brovkin V, Ciais P, Fensholt R, Tømmervik H, Bala G, Zhu ZC, Nemani RR, Myneni RB (2019) China and India lead in greening of the world through land-use management. Nat Sustain 2:122–129. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0220-7
Cihlar J, Ly H, Li ZQ, Jing C, Pokrant H, Huang FT (1997) Multitemporal, multichannel AVHRR data sets for land biosphere studies—Artifacts and corrections. Remote Sens Environ 60:35–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(96)00137-x
Cunha APMA, Zeri M, Leal KD, Costa L, Cuartas LA, Marengo JA, Tomasella J, Vieira RM, Barbosa AA (2019) Extreme drought events over Brazil from 2011 to 2019. Atmos 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110642
De Jong R, Schaepman ME, Furrer R, De Bruin S, Verburg PH (2013) Spatial relationship between climatologies and changes in global vegetation activity. Glob Chang Biol 19:1953–1964. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12193
Ding YL, Nie YP, Chen HS, Wang KL, Querejeta JI (2021) Water uptake depth is coordinated with leaf water potential, water-use efficiency and drought vulnerability in karst vegetation. New Phytol 229:1339–1353. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16971
Dirzo R, Raven PH (2003) Global state of biodiversity and loss. Annu Rev EnvironResour 28:137–167
Eisfelder C, Kuenzer C, Dech S (2012) Derivation of biomass information for semi-arid areas using remote-sensing data. Int J Remote Sens 33:2937–2984. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2011.620034
Falkowski P, Scholes RJ, Boyle E, Canadell J, Canfield D, Elser J, Gruber N, Hibbard K, Högberg P, Linder S (2000) The global carbon cycle: a test of our knowledge of earth as a system. Science 290:291–296. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5490.291
Feng X, Fu B, Yang X, Lü Y (2010) Remote sensing of ecosystem services: an opportunity for spatially explicit assessment. Chinese Geogra Sci 20:522–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-010-0428-y
Fensholt R, Rasmussen K, Nielsen TT, Mbow C (2009) Evaluation of earth observation based long term vegetation trends - Intercomparing NDVI time series trend analysis consistency of Sahel from AVHRR GIMMS, Terra MODIS and SPOT VGT data. Remote Sens Environ 113:1886–1898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.04.004
Fensholt R, Proud SR, Simon R (2012) Evaluation of earth observation based global long term vegetation trends - Comparing GIMMS and MODIS global NDVI time series. Remote Sens Environ 119:131–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.12.015
Fernández ME, Gyenge JE, Varela S, De Urquiza M (2014) Effects of the time of drought occurrence within the growing season on growth and survival of Pinus ponderosa seedlings. Trees 28:745–756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-014-0986-1
Florinsky IV, Kuryakova GA (1996) Influence of topography on some vegetation cover properties. CATENA 27:123–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(96)00005-7
Ford D, Williams P (2007) Karst hydrogeology and geomorphology. Wiley, England
Ganguli P, Ganguly AR (2016) Space-time trends in U.S. meteorological droughts. J Hydrol Reg Stud 8:235–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2016.09.004
Gardner TA, Barlow J, Chazdon R, Ewers RM, Harvey CA (2009) Prospects for tropical forest biodiversity in a human-modified world. Ecol Lett 12:561–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01294.x
Hansen M, Potapov P, Margono B, Stehman S, Turubanova S, Tyukavina A (2014) Response to comment on “High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change.” Science 342:850–853. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248817
Hope AS, Boynton WL, Stow DA, Douglas DC (2003) Interannual growth dynamics of vegetation in the Kuparuk River watershed, Alaska based on the normalized difference vegetation index. Int J Remote Sens 24:3413–3425. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116021000021170
Hou WJ, Gao JB, Wu SH, Dai E (2015) Interannual variations in growing-season NDVI and its correlation with climate variables in the Southwestern Karst Region of China. Remote Sens 7:11105–11124. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70911105
Hu XL, Lu L, Li X, Wang JH, Lu XG (2015) Ejin oasis land use and vegetation change between 2000 and 2011: The role of the ecological water diversion project. Energies 8:7040–7057. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8077040
Hua W, Zhou L, Chen H, Nicholson SE, Jiang Y (2016) Possible causes of the central equatorial African long-term drought. Environ Res Lett 11:124–138. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/12/124002
Huang YQ, Zhao P, Zhang ZF, Li XK, He CX, Zhang RQ (2000) Transpiration of Cyclobalanopsis glauca (syn. Quercus glauca) stand measured by sap-flow method in a karst rocky terrain during dry season. Ecol Res 24:791–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-008-0553-6
Huete A, Didan K, Miura T, Rodriguez EP, Gao X, Ferreira LG (2002) Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices. Remote Sens Environ 83:195–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00096-2
Jafary P, Sarab AA, Tehrani NA (2018) Ecosystem health assessment using a fuzzy spatial decision support system in taleghan watershed before and after dam construction. Environ Process 5:807–831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-018-0341-4
Jakubauskas ME, Legates DR, Kastens JH (2002) Crop identification using harmonic analysis of time-series AVHRR NDVI data. Comput Electron Agric 37:127–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1699(02)00116-3
Jia GJ, Epstein HE, Walker DA (2004) Controls over intra-seasonal dynamics of AVHRR NDVI for the Arctic tundra in northern Alaska. Int J Remote Sens 25:1547–1564. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116021000023925
Jiang ZC, Lian YQ, Qin XQ (2014) Rocky desertification in Southwest China: Impacts, causes, and restoration. Earth-Sci Rev 132:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.01.005
Jiang L, Jiapaer G, Bao A, Guo H, Ndayisaba F (2017) Vegetation dynamics and responses to climate change and human activities in Central Asia. Sci Total Environ 599–600:967–980
Kelly M, Tuxen KA, Stralberg D (2011) Mapping changes to vegetation pattern in a restoring wetland: Finding pattern metrics that are consistent across spatial scale and time. Ecol Indic 11:263–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.05.003
Kendall M (1975) Rank correlation methods. London: Charles Griffin
Lai P, Zhang M, Ge Z, Hao B, Han X (2020) Responses of seasonal indicators to extreme droughts in Southwest China. Remote Sensing 12:818. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12050818
Lamchin M, Wang SW, Lim CH, Ochir A, Pavel U, Gebru BM, Choi Y, Jeon SW, Lee WK (2020) Understanding global spatio-temporal trends and the relationship between vegetation greenness and climate factors by land cover during 1982–2014. Glob Ecol Conserv 24:e01299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01299
Lanzante JR (1996) Resistant, robust and nonparametric techniques for the analysis of climate data: Theory and examples, including applications to historical radiosonde station data. Int J Climatol 16:1197–1226. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199611)16:11%3c1197::AID-JOC89%3e3.0.CO;2-L
LeBauer DS, Treseder KK (2008) Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivityin terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed. Ecology 89:371–379. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-2057.1
Leblon B, Alexander B, Chen J, White S (2001) Monitoring fire danger of northern boreal forests with NOAA-AVHRR NDVI images. Int J Remote Sens 22:2839–2846. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160121183
Li Z, Chen YN, Li WH, Deng HJ, Fang G (2015) Potential impacts of climate change on vegetation dynamics in Central Asia. J Geophys Res Atmos 120:12345–12356. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023618
Li QP, Ma MG, Wu XD, Hong Y (2018) Snow cover and vegetation-induced decrease in global albedo from 2002 to 2016. J Geophys Res Atmos 124-138. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027010
Li X, Li Y, Chen A, Gao M, Slette I, Piao SL (2019) The impact of the 2009/2010 drought on vegetation growth and terrestrial carbon balance in Southwest China. Agric for Meteorol 269:239–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.01.036
Liu C, Yun Z, Chao S, Hou H, Li X (2012) Effect of farm manure on dissolution of underlying carbonate rocks and atmospheric CO2 source/sink. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27682-8_15
Liu Y, Li Y, Li SC, Motesharrei S (2015) Spatial and temporal patterns of global NDVI trends: Correlations with climate and human factors. Remote Sens 7:13233–13250. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71013233
Liu ZJ, Liu YS, Li YR (2018) Anthropogenic contributions dominate trends of vegetation cover change over the farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China. Ecol Indic 95:370–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.07.063
Long XJ, Guan HD, Sinclair R, Batelaan O et al (2018) Response of vegetation cover to climate variability in protected and grazed arid rangelands of South Australia. J Arid Environ 161:64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2018.10.001
Ma MG, Veroustraete F (2006) Reconstructing pathfinder AVHRR land NDVI time-series data for the Northwest of China. Adv Space Res 37:835–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.037
Mann HB (1945) Nonparametric tests against trend. Econ Soc 13:245–259
Martínez B, Gilabert MA (2009) Vegetation dynamics from NDVI time series analysis using the wavelet transform. Remote Sens Environ 113:1823–1842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.04.016
Menzel A, Sparks TH, Estrella N, Koch E, Aasa A, Ahas R (2006) European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern. Glo Change Bio 12:1969–1976. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01193.x
Mg Ma, Frank V (2006) Interannual variability of vegetation cover in the Chinese Heihe River Basin and its relation to meteorological parameters. Int J Remote Sens 27:3473–3486. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160600593031
Mueller T, Dressler G, Tucker CJ, Pinzon JE, Leimgruber P, Dubayah RO, Hurtt GC, Böhning-Gaese K, Fagan WF (2014) Human land-use practices lead to global long-term increases in photosynthetic capacity. Remote Sens 6:5717–5731. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6065717
Naudts K, Chen YY, McGrath MJ, Ryder J, Valade A, Otto J (2016) Europe’s forest management did not mitigate climate warming. Science 315:597–600. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad7270
Ndayisaba F, Hao G, Bao A, Hui G, Karamage F, Kayiranga A (2016) Understanding the spatial temporal vegetation dynamics in Rwanda. Remote Sens 8:129–146. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.823
Neigh CSR, Tucker CJ, Townshend JRG (2008) North American vegetation dynamics observed with multi-resolution satellite data. Remote Sens Environ 112:1749–1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.08.018
Nemani RR, Keeling CD, Hirofumi H, Jolly WM, Piper SC, Tucker CJ, Myneni RB, Running SW (2003) Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999. Science 300:1560–1563. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1082750
Pelkey NW, Stoner CJ, Caro TM (2003) Assessing habitat protection regimes in Tanzania using AVHRR NDVI composites: Comparisons at different spatial and temporal scales. Int J Remote Sens 24:2533–2558. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160210155929
Peng J, Ma J, Liu Q, Liu Y, Hu Y, Li Y, Yue Y (2018) Spatial-temporal change of land surface temperature across 285 cities in China: an urban-rural contrast perspective. Sci Total Environ 635:487–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.105
Peters GP, Andrew RM, Boden T, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Quéré CL, Marland G, Raupach MR, Wilson C (2012) The challenge to keep global warming below 2 °C. Nat Clim Chang 3:4–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1783
Pettorelli N, Vik JO, Mysterud A, Gaillard JM, Tucker CJ, Stenseth NC (2005) Using the satellite-derived NDVI to assess ecological responses to environmental change. Trends Ecol 20:503–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.05.011
Phalke AR, Özdoğan M, Thenkabail PS, Erickson T, Gorelick N, Yadav K, Congalton RG (2020) Mapping croplands of Europe, Middle East, Russia, and Central Asia using landsat, random forest, and google earth engine. ISPRS J Photogramm 167:104–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.06.022
Piao SL, Nan H, Huntingford C, Ciais P, Friedlingstein P, Sitch S, Peng S, Canadell JG, Cong N (2014) Evidence for a weakening relationship between interannual temperature variability and northern vegetation activity. Nat Commun 5:5018–5022. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6018
Piao SL, Yin GD, Tan JG, Cheng L, Huang MT, Li Y (2015) Detection and attribution of vegetation greening trend in China over the last 30 years. Glob Change Biol 21:1601–1609. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12795
Piao SL, Wang XY, Park T et al (2020) Characteristics, drivers and feedbacks of global greening. Nat Rev Earth Environ 1:14–27
Possingham HP, Laurance WF, Wood P, Fekete BM, Levy MA, Watson JEM (2016) Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation. Nat Commun 7:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12558
Pouliot D, Latifovic R, Olthof I (2009) Trends in vegetation NDVI from 1km AVHRR data over Canada for the period 1985–2006. Int J Remote Sens 30:149–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160802302090
Qin YW, Xiao XM, Dong JW, Zhou YT, Wang J, Doughty RB, Chen Y, Zou ZH, Moore B (2017) Annual dynamics of forest areas in South America during 2007–2010 at 50-m spatial resolution. Remote Sens Environ 201:73–87
Rousta I, Olafsson H, Zhang H, Moniruzzaman M, Krzyszczak J, Baranowski P (2020) Anthropogenic factors affecting the vegetation dynamics in the Arid Middle East. Preprints 2020100208. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202010.0208.v2
Seddon AWR, Maciasfauria M, Long PR, Benz D, Willis KJ (2016) Sensitivity of global terrestrial ecosystems to climate variability. Nature 531:229–232. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16986
Song ZJ, Li RH, Qiu RH, Liu SY, Tan C, Li QP (2018) Global land surface temperature influenced by vegetation cover and PM2.5 from 2001 to 2016. Remote Sens 10:2034–2052. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122034
Spinoni J, Naumann G, Vogt JV (2017) Pan-European seasonal trends and recent changes of drought frequency and severity. Global Planet Change 148:113–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.11.013
Stocker BD, Zscheischler J, Keenan TF, Prentice IC (2019) Drought impacts on terrestrial primary production underestimated by satellite monitoring. Nat Geosci 12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0318-6
Stow D, Daeschner S, Hope A, Douglas D, Petersen A, Myneni R, Zhou L, Oechel W (2003) Variability of the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetationindex across the north slope of Alaska in the 1990s. Int J Remote Sens 24:1111–1117. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116021000021170
Sun ZD, Chang NB, Opp C, Hennig T (2010) Evaluation of ecological restoration through vegetation patterns in the lower TarimRiver, China with MODIS NDVI data. Ecol Inform 6:156–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2010.10.002
Sun YL, Yang Y, Zhang L, Wang ZL (2015) The relative roles of climate variations and human activities in vegetation change in North China. Phys Chem Earth 87–88:67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2015.09.017
Tong XW, Wang KL, Brandt M, Yue YM, Liao C, Fensholt R (2016) Assessing future vegetation trends and restoration prospects in the Karst Regions of Southwest China. Remote Sens 8:357. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8050357
Tong XW, Wang KL, Yue YM, Brandt M, Liu B, Zhang CH, Liao CJ, Fensholt R (2017) Quantifying the effectiveness of ecological restoration projects on long-term vegetationdynamics in the karst regions of Southwest China. Earth Obs Geoinf 54:105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2016.09.013
Tong XW, Brandt M, Yue YM, Horion S, Kl W, Keersmaecker WD, Tian F, Schurgers G, Xiao XM, Luo Yq (2018) Increased vegetation growth and carbon stock in China karst via ecological engineering. Nat Sustain 1:44–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-017-0004-x
Trenberth KE, Dai A, Schrier GVD, Jones PD, Barichivich J, Briffa KR, Sheffield J (2014) Global warming and changes in drought. Nat Clim Change 4:17–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2067
Vermote EF, Saleous EL, Nazmi Z, Christopher O (2002) Atmospheric correction of MODIS data in the visible to middle infrared: first results. Remote Sens Environ 83:97–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00089-5
Villa P, Boschetti M, Scozzari A, Vignudelli S (2014) Analysis of vegetation dynamics in middle east area during 2002–2013 in relation to the 2007–2009 drought episode. IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Symp
Wang ZX, Liu C, Huete A (2003) From AVHRR-NDVI to MODIS-EVI: Advances in vegetation index research. Acta Ecol Sini 23:979–987. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022289509702
Wang KL, Yue YM, Brandt M, Tong XW (2019) Karst ecosystem observation and assessment at local and regional scales. Inter Carto Inter GIS 25:43–47. https://doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2019-2-25-43-47
Wen ZF, Wu SJ, Chen JL, Lü MQ (2017) NDVI indicated long-term interannual changes in vegetation activities and their responses to climatic and anthropogenic factors in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region. Sci Total Environ 574:947–959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.049
Williams AP, Seager R, Abatzoglou JT, Cook BI, Smerdon JE, Cook ER (2015) Contribution of anthropogenic warming to California drought during 2012–2014. Geophys Res Lett 42:6819–6828. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064924
Xie YC, Sha ZY, Yu M (2008) Remote sensing imagery in vegetation mapping: a review. J Plant Ecol 1:19–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtm005
Xu L, Myneni RB, Chapin FS, Callaghan TV, Pinzon JE (2013) Temperature and vegetation seasonality diminishment over northern lands. Nat Clim Chang 3:581–586. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1836
Yang J, Pan SF, Dangal S, Zhang B, Wang SY, Tian HQ (2017) Continental-scale quantification of post-fire vegetation greenness recovery in temperate and boreal North America. Remote Sens Environ 199:277–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.022
Yassoglou N (2000) History of desertification in the European Mediterranean. Pp. 9–15. In: Enne G, D'Angelo M, Zanolla C (Eds.), Indicators for Assessing Desertification in the Mediterranean. Proceedings of the International Seminar held in Porto Torres, Italy, 18–20 September, 1998. Sassari: University of Sassari Nucleo Ricerca Desertificazion
Yu B, Zhang XB (2015) A physical analysis of the severe 2013/2014 cold winter in North America. J Geophys Res Atmos 120:10149–10165. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023116
Yuan DX (1993) Environmental change and human impact on karst in south China, in Williams P (ed) Karst terrains: environmental change and human impact. Catena Supplement 25
Yuan DX (2000) Aspects on the new round land and resources survey in karst rock desertification areas of south China. Carsol Sin 2:2–7
Yuan XL, Wang WF, Cui JJ, Meng F, Kurban A, & De Maeyer P (2017) Vegetation changes and land surface feedbacks drive shifts in local temperatures over Central Asia. Sci Rep 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03432-2
Yue YM, Zhang B, Wang KL, Zhang MY (2010) Spectral indices for estimating ecological indicators of karst rocky desertification. Int J Remote Sens 31:2115–2122. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160903382892
Zaitchik BF, Evans JP, Geerken RA (2007) Climate and vegetation in the Middle East: Interannual variability and drought feedbacks. J Clim 20:3924–3941. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4223.1
Zhang J (2008) Planning for comprehensive desertification control in Karst area of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Prat Sci 25:93–102
Zhang YL, Song CH, Band LE (2017) Reanalysis of global terrestrial vegetation trends from MODIS products: Browning or greening? Remote Sens Environ 191:145–155
Zhang L, Xiao J, Li J, Wang K, Lei L, Guo H (2012) The 2010 spring drought reduced primary productivity in southwestern China. Environ Res Lett 7:045706. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045706
Zhang W, Jin F, Zhan J, Li Q, Ren H (2013) The possible influence of anonconventional El Niño on the severe autumn drought of 2009 in southwest China. J Clim 26:8392–8405
Zhao S, Cong D, He K, Yang H, Qin Z (2017) Spatial-Temporal Variation of Drought in China from 1982 to 2010 Based on a modified Temperature Vegetation Drought Index (mTVDI). Sci Rep 7:17473. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17810-3
Zhou Y, Li Z, Fensholt R, Wang K, Vitkovskaya I, Feng T (2015) Climate contributions to vegetation variations in central asian drylands: Pre- and post-ussr collapse. Remote Sens 7:2449–2470. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70302449
Zhu ZC, Piao SL, Myneni RB, Huang MT, Ning Z (2016) Greening of the Earth and its drivers. Nat Clim Chang 6:791–795. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3004
Acknowledgements
In this study, we archived multi-resource datasets from different data centers. The data include the MODIS NDVI, GLDAS-2.1data, land cover data and population density data. They were provided by USGS, ESA and SEDAC. The authors express their gratitude for the data sharing of above datasets.
Funding
This work was jointly supported by supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China projects (grant numbers: 41830648 and 41771453), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant No. XDJK2015C007), Open Project Program of Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment (Grant No. Cqk201904), National Major Projects on High-Resolution Earth Observation System under Grant 21-Y20B01-9001-19/22
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization, Jing Huang, Mingguo Ma and Hong Yang; Data curation, Xuguang Tang; Formal analysis, Jing Huang, Yuqing Huang and Xuguang Tang; Funding acquisition, Mingguo Ma and Hong Yang; Methodology, Jing Huang, Zhongxi Ge and BinfeiHao; Resources, Mingguo Ma; Software, Peiyu Lai, BinfeiHao and Zengjing Song; Validation, Zhan Shi; Writing – original draft, Jing Huang and Zhongxi Ge; Writing – review & editing, Jing Huang, Yuqing Huang, Peiyu Lai, Hong Yang and Mingguo Ma.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Jiayin Pang
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, J., Ge, Z., Huang, Y. et al. Climate change and ecological engineering jointly induced vegetation greening in global karst regions from 2001 to 2020. Plant Soil 475, 193–212 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05054-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05054-0