Research ArticleHighly enhanced microwave absorption for carbon nanotube/barium ferrite composite with ultra-low carbon nanotube loading
Graphical abstract
Introduction
The development of radar and the widespread utilization of electronic device aroused the imperative development in microwave absorption (MA) materials [1], [2], [3], [4]. Barium ferrite (BaFe12O19) as a well-known permanent magnet with large saturation magnetization, high Curie temperature, outstanding chemical stability as well as the low cost and significant hysteresis loops, showing great application potential in MA field [5,6]. However, the low dielectric loss restrict their further improvement of MA performance and wide applications [7]. CNT has attracted much attention in recent years due to its excellent electrical conductivity, extraordinary dielectric loss [8], [9], [10]. Combining the CNT and BaFe12O19 nanoparticles is very attractive as MA materials in radar devices [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16]. Nevertheless, most of reported works prepared pure BaFe12O19 firstly, and then composites with CNT by ball-milling (BM) method. For example, Afzali et al. [17] prepared CNT/BaFe12O19 composite with the mass fraction of CNT is 20 wt% by BM method, representing the minimum reflection loss () of -29.7 dB and the effective frequency bandwidth (EB) of the reflection loss () below -10 dB is 3.2 GHz. Zhao et al. [18] compounds different types of CNT and BaFe12O19 by BM method. The optimized CNT/BaFe12O19 possessed the of -21.5 dB as well as the EB of 2.5 GHz. Owing to this method inevitably suffers the poor dispersibility of CNT, the MA performance is still limited and the high mass fraction of CNT is required [17]. At the same time, many preparation steps limit its wider application.
Herein, CNT was introduced in the precursor of BaFe12O19 uniformly during auto-ignition process and calcined under different atmosphere to form CNT/BaFe12O19 composites [19]. This method could improve the dispersibility of the CNT and reduce the preparation process significantly. The good dispersibility of CNT in the composites results in the desirable MA property of composites. The of as-synthesized CNT/BaFe12O19 composites with the CNT loading of only 2 wt % is -43.9 dB, and the EB can reach about 3.9 GHz, which is higher than the previous reported BaFe12O19 based composites and the CNT/BaFe12O19 composites prepared by BM method. These results provide new possibilities and idea for fabricating high-performance MA materials based on BaFe12O19 in the future.
Section snippets
Materials
CNT (NC 7000) was provided by Nanocyl S.A., Belgium, possessing average length and average diameter of 1.5 μm and 9.5 nm, respectively. barium nitrate (Ba(NO3)2, analytical, ≥99.5%), ferric nitrate (Fe(NO3)3·9H2O, analytical, ≥98.5%), ammonia aqueous solution and citric acid (C3H4(OH)(COOH)3, analytical, 98.5%) were purchased from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagents Company. All reagents used without further purification.
Preparation of CNT/BaFe12O19 composites
The synthesis process of CNT/ BaFe12O19 composite was illustrated in Fig. 1.
Results and discussion
TEM images of BF and CNT/BaFe12O19 composites were depicted in Fig. 2. From Fig. 2(a), the agglomerated nanoparticles with average particle size about 100 nm were observed clearly, showing high purity crystalline phase of BF, which displays similar characteristics to that of BF(Air) [22,23] (Fig. S3(a)). This result indicates that BaFe12O19 could be prepared successfully under the condition designed in this work, and can be further confirmed by XRD and Raman (Fig. S4). When BaFe12O19 compounded
Conclusions
In summary, the CNT/BaFe12O19 composites with high level of MA ability has been successfully prepared by an effective method. Remarkably, the CNT/BaFe12O19 composites with only 2wt% CNTs loading shows excellent MA performance with the of -43.9 dB at 4.3 GHz and the EB of about 3.9 GHz. Meanwhile, the MA performance of resultant composites is well fitted with the quarter-wavelength matching model, being promising as a candidate in the field of microwave absorption. Additionally, this
Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51721091, 51973142, 21878194), the The National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFB0704200), and the funds of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing (Northwestern Polytechnical University) (SKLSP201918)
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