Abstract
Mathematical statistics, correlation analysis, Piper and Gibbs diagrams, and geographic information system- based multi-criteria decision analysis were used to study the hydrochemical characteristics and identification of hydrochemical ions affected by human activities of the springs in the south of Yanbian City, China. Four criteria were selected: land use/land cover, village density, distance to towns, and distance to main roads. The improved entropy method was used to assign weight to each criterion, followed by evaluating the human activities impact index map, which was used to extract the human activities impact index of springs. The correlation coefficient was calculated to identify the hydrochemical parameters affected by human activities. The results show that the main hydrochemical parameters are Ca2+ among cations and HCO3− among anions. Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3−, Cl−, and total dissolved solids (TDS) have a strong correlation and similar spatial distribution, showing a decreasing trend from northwest to southeast. Most hydrochemical parameters show a similar spatial distribution trend. The hydrochemical types of springs are HCO3-Ca, HCO3-Ca•Mg, HCO3-Na•Ca, and HCO3-Ca. In the study area, Na+, K+, TFe, Mn2+, F−, PO43−, and oxygen consumption are negligibly affected by human activities, Mg2+, HCO3−, and Cl− were slightly affected, and TDS and total hardness (TH) were strongly affected. With a correlation coefficient of 0.913, nitrate exhibited the highest correlation with the human activities impact index; it was significantly affected by human activities. We conclude that nitrate was the most affected by human activities, followed by TH, TDS, and other hydrochemical parameters.
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The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support received as well as the editors and reviewers for their feedback and suggestions.
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This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41572216); Project of Provincial-School Co-construction Plan: Frontier Science and Technology Guidance Class (No. SXGJQY2017-6); Key Projects of Geological Exploration Fund of Jilin Province (No. 2018–13, No. 2018–11); Project of China Geological Survey, Regional Water Resource Investigation Method and Groundwater Ecological Threshold Investigation (No. DD20190340-W09); Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province, Construction of Big Data Platform for Geotechnical Engineering (No. 2017ZDCXL-SF-03–01-01).
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Fanao Meng was involved in the investigation, conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. Xiujuan Liang contributed to the writing—original draft, investigation, and project administration. Changlai Xiao was involved in the project administration, supervision, and funding acquisition. Wang Ge contributed to the investigation, software, data curation, and writing—original draft.
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Meng, F., Liang, X., Xiao, C. et al. Hydrochemical characteristics and identification of pollution ions of the springs in the south of Yanbian City, China. Environ Geochem Health 44, 2215–2233 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01070-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01070-2