Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations
Clinical-Prostate cancerFeasibility and outcome of radical prostatectomy following inductive neoadjuvant therapy in patients with suspicion of rectal infiltration
Introduction
According to current guidelines neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer (PCa) is not recommended as standard clinical practice prior to radical prostatectomy (RP) [1,2]. Following a Cochrane-review by Kumar et al. in 2006, NAT was associated with a decrease in pT3-stage and decrease of positive surgical margins. However, neither prostate specific antigen (PSA) relapse-free survival nor cancer specific survival improved significantly in this study [3]. Irrespectively to the disputable long-term cancer-specific outcome of neoadjuvant treatment, it is known that neoadjuvant treatment for PCa can result in tumordownsizing and potential downstaging [4,5]. However, patients being diagnosed with initial cT4-stage PCa with a suspicicous rectal infilitration have in the past been more likely to be considered inoperable, due to fear of higher complication rates, such as rectal injury with a need of colon-stoma planting or development of fistulas [6,7]. Conversely, radiotherapy in such patients is associated with high risk of fistula and side effects. Refusing to operate these patients undisputable narrows the spectrum of ongoing treatment modalities - this holds even more true in light of ongoing inverse stage migration trend [8,9]. Besides possible local complications due to tumor progress emerging data empahsizes, that local therapy – even in low-volume metastatic PCa - might be beneficial for oncological long-term results [10,11]. Tilki et al. recently demonstrated that patients form a very high risk PCa cohort benefit most from maixmum treatment – defined as a sequence of RP, External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and ADT - in terms of PCa-specific mortality and all cause mortality [12]. In order to enable primarly inoperable PCa patients the maximum treatment possible, NAT represents a promising treatment modality to downsize local tumor burden. Little is known about perioperative compliactions and short-term functional outcomes in this subgroup of patients [4]. The aim of the present study was to evaluate feasability, safety and outcome of RP in patients with initial cT4 PCa and NAT with ADT and with or without chemotherapy.
Section snippets
Study population
From 01/2018 to 12/2020, 26 patients with clinical (DRE) or radiographical (mpMRI) suspicion of rectum infiltrating prostate cancer at diagnosis and NAT prior to RP were retrospectively identified from our prospective institutional database for further analyses. Moreover, 2 patients were still inoperable after NAT. (Preoperative) staging was done according to EAU guidelines [1]. Patients with a non-relocatable rectal mucosal tissue-layer and fixed tumor-mass were defined as primarily inoperable
Preoperative characteristics
Excluding 2 patients, which harbored persistent ongoing rectal infiltration in DRE and mpMRI symbolizing an unsuccessful neoadjuvant downsizing, a total of 24 patients were included in the study. Median age at diagnosis was 63 years (IQR: 57.5–70), median PSA at 42.5 ng/ml (IQR: 23.0–66.1). No patient harbored WHO/International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade group 1 at biopsy, 2 (8.3%) patients harbored ISUP 2, 4 (16.7%) harbored ISUP 3, 2 (8.3%) harbored ISUP 4 and 16 patients
Discussion
Current literature lacks of information regarding feasibility and outcome of RP following inductive NAT for initial, inoperable rectal infiltrating PCa. We analyzed our institutional database in a retrospective approach in this rare PCa cohort to address this void.
First, we could demonstrate that NAT is for the most part effective in downsizing initial rectal infiltration PCa before undergoing RP. Except for 2 patients, which presented with a persistent, profound rectal infiltration in DRE and
Conclusion
RP of initially rectum infiltrating PCa is feasible and safe after inductive, NAT, however complications rates tend to be higher and both DRE and radiological imaging should be taken to hand before deciding to undergo RP. Further prospective studies should be performed in order to elucidate the appropriate type and dosage of NAT.
Authors’ contributions
Benedikt Hoeh: Manuscript writing, project development. Felix Preisser: Data analysis, manuscript editing. Mike Wenzel: Data analysis, manuscript editing. Clara Humke: Data analysis. Clarissa Wittler: Data collection. Jens Köllermann: Manuscript editing. Boris Bodelle: Manuscript editing. Simon Bernatz: Manuscript editing, protocol development. Thomas Steuber: Data analysis, manuscript editing. Derya Tilki: Data analysis, manuscript editing. Markus Graefen: Data analysis, manuscript editing.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Funding
The authors have no relevant financial interests to disclose.
Ethics approval
All patients had given written consent and the study was approved by the local institutional review boards of the University Cancer Centre and the local Ethical Committee.
Availability of data and material
All datasets generated for this study are included in the manuscript.
Code availability
Software R statistics (version 3.6.1).
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Contributed equally to this work.