Abstract
The study concerns the investigation of flexural behaviour of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) and conventional reinforce concrete (RC) beams incorporating steel fibre. Hooked-end steel fibres were used at the contents of 20 kg/m3, 40 kg/m3, 60 kg/m3, 80 kg/m3 and 100 kg/m3 in production of SFRC specimens and RC beams. Flexural tests were achieved on both SFRC and RC beams. Mechanical properties such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, toughness and toughness index were determined on SFRC specimens. Load–deflection curves were obtained from the beam flexural tests. First crack loads and flexural toughness of RC beams were also determined on RC beams. Steel fibres reduced the workability of fresh concretes. The mechanical performances of concretes and RC beams increased with the use of steel fibres. Compressive and flexural strengths of SFRCs have increased up to the 24.5% and 101.6% with increase in steel fibre, respectively. However, a decrease up to the 9.6% was observed in modulus of elasticity of SFRCs. Fibres have controlled the propagation and the widening of cracks. Therefore, considerable improvements were obtained on first crack loads, toughness and ductility of RC beams by addition of steel fibres. Maximum increases in first crack load and toughness of RC beams were 34.5% and 40.5%, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Iqbal, S.; Ali, I.; Room, S., et al.: Enhanced mechanical properties of fiber reinforced concrete using closed steel fibers. Mater. Struct. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-019-1357-6
Barros, J.A.O.; Cunha, V.M.C.F.; Ribeiro, A.F.; Antunes, J.A.B.: Post-cracking behaviour of steel fibre reinforced concrete. Mater. Struct. 38(275), 47–56 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02480574
Rossi, P.: Mechanical behaviour of metal–fibre reinforced concretes. Cem. Concr. Compos. 14(1), 3–16 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0958-9465(92)90034-S
Soulioti, D.V.; Barkoula, N.M.; Paipetis, A.; Matikas, T.E.: Effects of fibre geometry and volume fraction on the flexural behaviour of steel-fibre reinforced concrete. Strain 47, e535–e541 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1305.2009.00652.x
Bencardino, F.; Rizzuti, L.; Spadea, G.; Swamy, R.N.: Experimental evaluation of fiber reinforced concrete fracture properties. Compos. Part B Eng. 41(1), 17–24 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.09.002
Banthia, N.; Trottier, J.F.: Concrete reinforced with deformed steel fibres. Part II: toughness characterization. ACI Mater. J. 92(2), 146–154 (1995)
Kurihara, N.; Kunieda, M.; Kamada, T.; Uchida, Y.; Rokugo, K.: Tension softening diagrams and evaluation of properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete. Eng. Fract. Mech. 65, 235–245 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(99)00116-2
Havlikova, I.; Merta, I.; Schneemayer, A.; Vesely, V.; Šimonová, H.; Korycanska, B.; Kersner, Z.: Effect of fibre type in concrete on crack initiation. Appl. Mech. Mater. 769, 308–311 (2015). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.769.308
Şahin, Y.; Köksal, F.: The influences of matrix and steel fibre tensile strengths on the fracture energy of high-strength concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 25(4), 1801–1806 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.084
Vandewalle, L.: Influence of the yield strength of steel fibres on the toughness of fibre reinforced high strength concrete. In: Proceedings, the CCMS Symposium, Worldwide Advances in Structural Concrete and Masonry. Chicago, pp. 496–505 (1996)
Eren, O.; Celik, T.: Effect of silica fume and steel fibers on some properties of high-strength concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 11(7–8), 373–382 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(97)00058-5
Koksal, F.; Ilki, A.; Bayramov, F.; Tasdemir, M.A.: Mechanical behavior and optimum design of SFRC Plates. In: 16th European conference of fracture. Alexandroupolis, Greece, July 3–7, pp. 199–205 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5104-3_24
Shah, S.P.; Rangan, B.V.: Fiber reinforced concrete properties. ACI Mater. J. 68(2), 126–135 (1971)
Koksal, F.; Eyyubov, C.; Ozcan, D.M.: Effect of steel fibre volume fraction on mechanical properties of concrete. In: 5th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering. Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 169–179 (2002)
Gopalaratnam, V.S.; Shah, S.P.; Batson, G.B.; Criswell, M.E.; Ramaksishran, V.; Wecharatara, M.: Fracture toughness of fiber reinforced concrete. ACI Mater. J. 88(4), 339–353 (1991)
Falkner, H.; Henke, V.: Application of steel fibre concrete for underwater concrete slabs. Cem. Concr. Compos. 20(5), 377–385 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(98)00005-5
Gettu, R.; Barragán, B.; Garcia, T.; Ortiz, J.; Justa, R.: Fiber concrete tunnel lining. Concr. Int. 28, 63–69 (2006)
Dinh, H.H.; Parra-Montesinos, G.J.; Wight, J.K.: Shear behavior of steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams without stirrup reinforcement. ACI Struct. J. 107(5), 597–606 (2010)
Kwak, Y.K.; Eberhard, M.O.; Kim, W.S.; Kim, J.: Shear strength of steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams without stirrups. ACI Struct. J. 9(4), 530–538 (2002)
Parra-Montesinos, G.; Wight, J.K.; Dinh, H.; Libbrecht, A.; Padilla, C.: Shear strength of fiber reinforced concrete beams without stirrups. Report No. UMCEE 06-04, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (2006)
Destree, X.: Free suspended elevated flat slabs of steel fibre reinforced concrete: full scale test results and design. In: Proceedings of the 7th International RILEM Symposium on Fibre Reinforced Concrete. Chennai, India, pp. 941–950 (2008)
Gossla, U.: Flachdecken aus Stahlfaserbeton. Beton- und Stahlbetonbau. 101(2), 94–102 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/best.200500461
Michels, J.; Waldmann, D.; Maas, S.; Zurbes, A.: Steel fibers as only reinforcement for flat slab construction–experimental investigation and design. Constr. Build. Mater. 26(1), 145–155 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.004
Godde, L.; Mark, P.: Redistribution effects of steel fibre reinforced concrete slabs: numerical computation and design [Umlagerungsverhalten von Plattentragwerken aus Stahlfaserbeton: Numerische Berechnung und Bemessung]. Beton- und Stahlbetonbau. 106(6), 350–363 (2011)
Shah, A.A.; Ribakov, Y.: Recent trends in steel fibered high-strength concrete. Mater. Des. 32, 4122–4151 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.03.030
Soulioti, D.V.; Barkoula, N.M.; Paipetis, A.; Matikas, T.E.: Effects of fibre geometry and volume fraction on the flexural behaviour of steel-fibre reinforced concrete. Strain 47, 535–541 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1305.2009.00652.x
Yoo, D.Y.; Tianfeng, Y.; Jun-Mo, Y.; Young-Soo, Y.: Feasibility of replacing minimum shear reinforcement with steel fibers for sustainable high-strength concrete beams. Eng. Struct. 147, 207–222 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.06.004
Behbahani, H.; Nematollahi, B.; Sam, A.; Lai, F.C.: Flexural behavior of steel-fiber-added-RC (SFARC) beams with C30 and C50 classes of concrete. Int. J. Sustain. Constr. Eng. Technol. 3, 54–64 (2012)
Kwak, Y.K.; Marc, O.E.; Woo-Suk, K.; Jubum, K.: Shear strength of steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams without stirrups. ACI Struct. J. 99, 530–538 (2002)
Ibrahim, M.A.; Maen, F.; Mohsen, A.I.; Jessica, A.H.: Effect of material constituents on mechanical and fracture mechanics properties of ultra-high-performance concrete. ACI Mater. J. 114, 453–465 (2017). https://doi.org/10.14359/51689717
Wang, R.; Xiaojian, G.: Relationship between flowability, entrapped air content and strength of UHPC mixtures containing different dosage of steel fiber. Appl. Sci. 6, 216 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/app6080216
Zheng, Y.; Xiaolong, W.; Guangxian, H.; Qingfang, S.; Jianguo, X.; Yikai, S.: Mechanical properties of steel fiber-reinforced concrete by vibratory mixing technology. Adv. Civ. Eng. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9025715
Köksal, F.; Altun, F.; Yiğit, İ; Şahin, Y.: Combined effect of silica fume and steel fiber on the mechanical properties of high strength concretes. Constr. Build. Mater. 22, 1874–1880 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.04.017
Altun, F.; Haktanir, T.; Ari, K.: Effects of steel fiber addition on mechanical properties of concrete and RC beams. Constr. Build. Mater. 21, 654–661 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.12.006
Adhikary, B.B.; Hiroshi, M.: Prediction of shear strength of steel fiber RC beams using neural networks. Constr. Build. Mater. 20, 801–811 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.047
Shoaib, A.; Adam, S.L.; Vivek, S.B.: Size effect in shear for steel fiber-reinforced concrete members without stirrups. Struct. J. 111, 1081–1090 (2014). https://doi.org/10.14359/51686813
Tokgoz, S.; Dundar, C.; Tanrikulu, A.K.: Experimental behaviour of steel fiber high strength reinforced concrete and composite columns. J. Constr. Steel Res. 74, 98–107 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.02.017
Ashour, S.A.; Faisal, F.W.; Mohammad, I.K.: Effect of the concrete compressive strength and tensile reinforcement ratio on the flexural behavior of fibrous concrete beams. Eng. Struct. 22, 1145–1158 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(99)00052-8
Mo, K.M.; Chin, T.S.; Alengaram, U.J.; Jumaat, M.Z.: Material and structural properties of waste-oil palm shell concrete incorporating ground granulated blast-furnace slag reinforced with low-volume steel fibres. J. Clean. Prod. 133, 414–426 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.162
Meda, A.; Fausto, M.; Giovanni, A.P.: Flexural behaviour of RC beams in fibre reinforced concrete. Compos. B 43(8), 2930–2937 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.06.003
Biolzi, L.; Cattaneo, S.: Response of steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams: experiments and code predictions. Cem. Concr. Compos. 77, 1–13 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.12.002
Behbahani, H.P.: Flexural behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams. In: A project report of the degree of master of engineering, University Technology, Malaysia (2010)
Ruano, G.; Isla, F.; Pedraza, R.I.; Sfer, D.; Luccioni, B.: Shear retrofitting of reinforced concrete beams with steel fiber reinforced concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 54, 646–658 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.092
EN 12390-3. Testing hardened concrete—part 3: compressive strength of test specimens. Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, Turkey (2010) (in Turkish)
EN 12390-13. Testing hardened concrete—part 13: determination of secant modulus of elasticity in compression. Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, Turkey (2014) (in Turkish)
ASTM C 1018. Standard test methods for flexural toughness and first crack strength of fiber reinforced concrete (using beam with third point loading). American Society of Testing Materials, USA (1997)
Mugume, R.B.; Takashi, H.: Effect of fibre type and geometry on maximum pore pressures in fibre-reinforced high strength concrete at elevated temperatures. Cem. Concr. Res. 42(2), 459–466 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.11.014
Marar, K.; Eren, Ö.; Yitmen, İ: Compression specific toughness of normal strength steel fiber reinforced concrete (NSSFRC) and high strength steel fiber reinforced concrete (HSSFRC). Mater. Res. 14(2), 239–247 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392011005000042
Lee, S.C.; Oh, J.H.; Cho, J.Y.: Compressive behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete with end-hooked steel fibers. Materials (Basel) 8(4), 1442–1458 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8041442
Afroughsabet, V.; Biolzi, L.; Ozbakkaloglu, T.: Influence of double hooked-end steel fibers and slag on mechanical and durability properties of high performance recycled aggregate concrete. Compos. Struct. 181, 273–284 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.08.086
Sukontasukkul, P.: Toughness evaluation of steel and polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete beams under bending. Thammasat Int. J. Sci. Technol. 9, 35–41 (2004)
Choi, S.; Thienel, K.C.; Shah, S.P.: Strain softening of concrete in compression under different end constraints. Mag. Concr. Res. 48(175), 103–115 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1996.48.175.103
Brandt, A.M.: Fiber reinforced cement-based (FRC) composites after over 40 years of development in building and civil engineering. Compos. Struct. 86(1–3), 3–9 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.03.006
Ezeldin, A.S.; Balaguru, P.N.: Normal and high strength fiber reinforced concrete under compression. Mater. Civ. Eng. 4, 415–429 (1992)
Ramakrishnan, V.; Wu, G.Y.; Hosalli, G.: Flexural behavior and toughness of fiber reinforced concretes. Transp. Res. Rec. 1226, 69–77 (1989)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Köksal, F., Rao, K.S., Babayev, Z. et al. Effect of Steel Fibres on Flexural Toughness of Concrete and RC Beams. Arab J Sci Eng 47, 4375–4384 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-06113-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-06113-5