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The Mechanisms of Muscle Mass and Strength Increase during Strength Training

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Abstract

Strength training remains the most effective way to maintain or increase muscle mass and strength. Strength training is used during rehabilitation after injuries and prolonged hypokinesia, to prevent the development of age-related sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Also, strength training is widely used by athletes of various specializations. The effectiveness of strength training varies depending on the individual characteristics, diet, and training program used. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in understanding the mechanisms of skeletal muscle adaptation in response to strength training. The review addresses the most important mechanisms for increasing muscle mass and strength, which correspond to the current understanding of the problem in the modern literature. We consider the role of neural adaptation, as well as signaling processes that increase the muscle protein synthesis rate, in the development of adaptive changes in response to strength training. Based on the knowledge of these mechanisms, we analyze the key variables of strength training, such as training loads, work volume and movement velocities. The knowledge of the mechanisms that determine the effectiveness of the training process provides a better insight into the most important aspects of strength training.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant No. 20-315-70034 “Stability”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    E. A. Lysenko, O. L. Vinogradova & D. V. Popov

  2. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

    E. A. Lysenko, O. L. Vinogradova & D. V. Popov

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  1. E. A. Lysenko
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  2. O. L. Vinogradova
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  3. D. V. Popov
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E.A.L.—manuscript writing, editing and preparation for publication; O.L.V. and D.V.P.—consultation on research issues, manuscript editing.

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Correspondence to E. A. Lysenko.

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Translated by A. Polyanovsky

Russian Text © The Author(s), 2021, published in Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I.M. Sechenova, 2021, Vol. 107, Nos. 6–7, pp. 755–772https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869813921060078.

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Lysenko, E.A., Vinogradova, O.L. & Popov, D.V. The Mechanisms of Muscle Mass and Strength Increase during Strength Training. J Evol Biochem Phys 57, 862–875 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0022093021040104

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0022093021040104

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