Abstract
Nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of biomedical sciences with smart approaches of imaging and treatment. This transformation has led to the development of a new field named ‘nanomedicine’, which has provided prospects for personalized medicines and offers hope for some rare diseases. In this context, the ability to manipulate various nanomaterials to suit diverse applications is a characteristic feature which has gained popularity. Nevertheless, the toxicity exerted by the nanomaterials has limited their lab-to-bench translations. Moreover, the noxiousness of nanomaterials has paved the emergence of another dedicated field named ‘nanotoxicology’. Therefore, it is essential to control nanomaterials’ toxicity and engineer nanomaterials with smart approaches for selective biomedical actions. Here we review engineered nanomaterials including metal and metal oxide, semiconductor, carbon-based, polymeric, and biological-based nanomaterials, and their potential applications in managing microbes, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, dentistry, cancer treatment, personalized medications, and neglected rare diseases. We discuss the origin of nanotoxicity and how it is influenced by physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, synthesis methods, routes of administration, nano-bio-interface, and choice of the cell lines employed in the assessment. At the end, we discuss strategies and regulations adopted to mitigate the nanotoxicological concerns with future perspectives.
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Abbreviations
- A549:
-
Adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cells
- AFM:
-
Atomic force microscopy
- Ag-Zr:
-
Silver-zirconia
- APP:
-
Angio-pep2-conjugated poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(“-caprolactone)
- Au:
-
Gold
- BBB:
-
Blood–brain barrier
- BEAS 2D:
-
Human bronchial epithelial cells
- CdS:
-
Cadmium sulphite
- CdSe:
-
Cadmium selenide
- CdTe:
-
Cadmium telluride
- CPSC:
-
Consumer Product Safety Commission
- CRISPR/Cas9:
-
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9
- CrO3 :
-
Chromium trioxide
- CSTI:
-
The Council for Science, Technology, and Innovation
- CNTs:
-
Carbon nanotubes
- DCE:
-
Dodecyl creatine ester
- DOXL:
-
Doxorubicin
- DSPE-PEG:
-
Distearyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-polyethylene glycol
- ECA:
-
European Chemical Agency
- EPA:
-
Environmental Protection Act
- EPR:
-
Enhanced permeation and retention
- FDA:
-
Food and Drug Administration
- FeNPs:
-
Ferric nanoparticles
- Gb3 :
-
Globotriosylceramide
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- HA:
-
Hydroxyapatite
- hEGF:
-
Human epidermal growth factor
- hMSCs:
-
Human mesenchymal stem cells
- HepG2:
-
Human liver cancer cell lines
- HMEC-1:
-
Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells
- ISO:
-
International Organisation for Standardization
- IV:
-
Intravenous
- l-SPR:
-
localized Surface plasmon resonance
- MDR:
-
Multidrug resistance
- MWCNTs:
-
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes
- NIOSH:
-
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
- NADH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- OECD:
-
Occupational Economic Co-operation and Development
- OSHA:
-
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
- P450:
-
Cytochrome P450 enzymes
- PAMAM:
-
Polyamidoamine
- PEG:
-
Polyethylene glycol
- PEG-b-PCL:
-
Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(-caprolactone)
- PEI:
-
Polyethylenimine
- PLGA:
-
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PLL:
-
Poly-L-lysine
- QDs:
-
Quantum dots
- RES:
-
Reticuloendothelial system
- RNA:
-
Ribonucleic acid
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- rRNA:
-
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid
- RWD:
-
Real-world data
- SCCP:
-
Scientific Community on Consumer Products
- siRNA:
-
Small interfering ribonucleic acid
- SWCNTs:
-
Single-walled carbon nanotubes
- SiO2 :
-
Silicon dioxide
- STM:
-
Scanning tunnelling microscopy
- T-47D:
-
Breast cancer cell line
- TA:
-
Trans-activator of transcription
- TiO2 :
-
Titanium dioxide
- TPP:
-
Triphenyl phosphine
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- WIL2-NS:
-
B lymphocyte spleen cells
- ZnO:
-
Zinc oxide
- ZnS:
-
Zinc sulphate
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Acknowledgements
AU acknowledges the scholarship provided by Gubbi Thotadappa Charities, Bengaluru, India. AU and HKD recognize the generous support of Japan Science and Technology (JST) Agency, Japan, towards Asia Youth Exchange Program in Science (Sakura Exchange Program). HKD also acknowledges Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC) at the School of Sciences, RMIT University, Australia, for the Honorary Visiting Research Fellowship.
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AU took part in conceptualization, analysis and paper drafting and writing. MK involved in paper writing and data analysis. HKD participated in conceptualization, supervision, paper writing, review, and editing.
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Umapathi, A., Kumawat, M. & Daima, H.K. Engineered nanomaterials for biomedical applications and their toxicity: a review. Environ Chem Lett 20, 445–468 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01307-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01307-7