Abstract
The long exposure to heat negatively changes performance and productivity of animals, particularly when heat stress is associated with gestation. Indeed, little is known about the negative effects of long-term heat stress on the final gestation of dairy goats. In this context, the physiological and cellular responses of Saanen goats submitted to heat stress (37°C from 10:00 to 16:00 h) were investigated from day 60th pre-partum to day 60th post-partum. At final gestation, 46 pregnant Saanen goats were randomly assigned to the treatments: control (CT; thermal neutral conditions) and heat stress (HS; climatic chamber). After partum, all experimental goats were maintained in thermal neutral conditions. The rectal, dorsal, mammary temperatures and respiratory frequency, cortisol release, milk yield, milk quality, and the genes HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, Glucocorticoid receptor and ACTHR. Goats subjected to HS showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher rectal, dorsal, and mammary temperatures and significantly mobilized the increase of respiratory frequency to lose heat as compared to CT goats. The HS challenge significantly increased cortisol release from day 15th pre-partum to day 15th post-partum. CT goats produced more milk than HS from weeks 4 to 10 of lactation (P <0.001), with no difference in milk quality. However, on day 15th post-partum, there was a significant effect of HS treatment on the expression of HSP70 and ACTHR genes as compared to CT treatment, confirming the long-term effect of HS on Saanen goats. In conclusion, the physiological parameters studied increased pre-partum in the hottest hour, and cortisol peaked on day 15 pre-partum for heat-stressed goats. Although on the 15th day post-partum, all goats were in thermal comfort, and the physiological parameters were within the normal range, the concentration of cortisol continued to be significantly higher for goats submitted to thermal stress. Indeed, milk yield was greater for goats subjected to pre-partum thermal comfort. Furthermore, the expression of HSP70 and ACTHR genes on peripheral blood mononuclear cells are interesting biomarkers for studying the long-term effect of heat stress on Saanen goats.
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Abbreviations
- °C:
-
Degrees Celsius
- ACTHR:
-
Adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor
- AT:
-
Air temperature
- bpm:
-
Breath per minute
- DT:
-
Dorsal temperature
- FZEA:
-
Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering
- GAPDH:
-
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- h:
-
Hours
- HSPs:
-
Heat shock proteins
- min:
-
Minutes
- MT:
-
Mammary gland temperature
- PBMCs:
-
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PCR:
-
Polymerase chain reaction
- RF:
-
Respiratory frequency
- RH:
-
Relative humidity
- RT:
-
Rectal temperature
- THI:
-
Temperature humidity index
- USP:
-
University of São Paulo
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Funding
This work was supported by a grant from the National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq 140517/2016-2) and the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 2016/00123-3). J. A. Negrão was supported by a productivity research fellowship from CNPq.
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All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the current Federal Law n° 11.794, sanctioned by the President of the Republic on November 8, 2008. The law is available in full at http://planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2008/Lei/L11794.htm and is also known as Arouca Law, which regulates the scientific use of animals in Brazil. The local committee certifies the protocol number CEUA 3709280316, under the responsibility of Henrique Barbosa Hooper and team; Priscila dos Santos Silva; Prof. Dr. João Alberto Negrão; Giovana Krempel Fonseca Merighe; Sandra Aparecida De Oliveira—which involves the production, maintenance, and/or use of animals belonging to the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata (except human beings), for scientific research purposes (or teaching)—it was in accordance with Law 11.794, of October 8 2008, Decree 6899, of July 15, 2009, with the rules issued by the National Council for Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA), and was approved by the Ethic Committee on Animal Use of the School of Animal Science and Food Engineering of São Paulo University.
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Hooper, H.B., dos Santos Silva, P., de Oliveira, S.A. et al. Long-term heat stress at final gestation: physiological and heat shock responses of Saanen goats. Int J Biometeorol 65, 2123–2135 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-021-02175-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-021-02175-0