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Potential cytotoxicity of PM2.5–bound PAHs and toxic metals collected from areas with different traffic densities on human lung epithelial cells (A549)

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Abstract

Laboratory and epidemiological researches have indicated that ambient air particulate matter have a plays critical role in causing diseases. The current research evaluated the chemical attributes of PM2.5 in the ambient air of the cities of Karaj and Fardis and determined its toxicological effects on human lung epithelial cells (A549). In the study city, 16 points were selected from the two high-traffic and low-traffic points for sampling. A sampling of ambient air was carried out in spring, summer, autumn, and winter 2018–19. Air sampling was performed for 24 h according to the EPA-TO/13A guidelines. To analyze of toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ICP-OES and GC-MS were used, respectively, and for cell toxicity analysis, an ELISA reader was used. Then from SPSS, Excel and R software were used for statistical analysis. The results of the current study indicated that the concentration of PAHs carcinogenic in the autumn season in high-traffic stations was the highest and equal to 9.3 ng/m3, and in the spring season in the low-traffic stations, it was the lowest and equal to 5.82 ng/m3. In general, during the period of study, Heavy metals including Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, and Al had the highest concentration compared to other metals. However, Hg, Cr, As, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn were higher concentration in the winter and autumn seasons than in the spring and summer seasons. Cell viability measurements by using MTT showed that low-traffic and high-traffic stations had the highest toxicity in autumn season compared to other seasons. (p < 0.05). In general, high-traffic stations had the highest toxicity than low-traffic stations. The general conclusion of the present study was that PM2.5–bound PAHs and toxic metals, due to their high concentration, were toxic pollutants in air for residents of Karaj and Fardis. Also, the high concentration of PM2.5 caused the mitochondrial activity of A549 cells to stop and this stop was more significant in cold seasons and high-traffic areas.

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Acknowledgments

This article is the result of the MSc approved thesis, research project no. 13062. Thus, the authors are thankful for the funding provided by the Iran University of Medical Sciences.

Funding

Support of this work by Iran University of Medical Sciences is gratefully acknowledged (Grant number: 97–3–2-13062).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Tahereh Rahmatinia, Majid Kermani, Mahdi Farzadkia, Ahmad Jonidi Jafari & Farzad Fanaei

  2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Tahereh Rahmatinia, Majid Kermani, Mahdi Farzadkia, Ahmad Jonidi Jafari & Farzad Fanaei

  3. Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Hossein Nicknam, Narjes Soleimanifar & Bahareh Mohebbi

  4. Air Quality and Climate Change Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Abbas Shahsavani

  5. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Abbas Shahsavani

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  1. Tahereh Rahmatinia
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Correspondence to Majid Kermani or Farzad Fanaei.

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Rahmatinia, T., Kermani, M., Farzadkia, M. et al. Potential cytotoxicity of PM2.5–bound PAHs and toxic metals collected from areas with different traffic densities on human lung epithelial cells (A549). J Environ Health Sci Engineer 19, 1701–1712 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00724-8

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