Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

O3 concentration and duration of exposure are factors influencing the environmental health risk of exercising in Rio Grande, Brazil

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Environmental Geochemistry and Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Ozone (O3) represents a great threat to human health, contributing to respiratory diseases and premature mortality. This pollutant is often considered a critical pollutant in regions of southern Brazil. Exposure to this pollutant during vigorous physical activity should be the subject of thorough investigations due to the increased ventilation rate and altered breathing pattern present during vigorous physical activity that result in greater inhalation of O3. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the health risk of exposure to low, mean, and high concentrations of O3 during different durations of exercise in the city of Rio Grande (southern Brazil). Healthy young men (n = 45) performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and ventilation rate data were collected to predict total ventilation and pollutant inhalation during a 5 km running session. The O3 concentration in the city of Rio Grande was obtained from data reported by the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). The environmental health risk was calculated based on the potential intake dose. The lowest, mean, and highest concentrations of O3 detected during the monitoring period were 32.5, 64.9, and 115.2 µg/m3, respectively. In all evaluated scenarios, there was a toxicological risk (RQ > 1), except when exercising when the O3 concentration was lowest for the shortest length of time (p < 0.001). As the concentration of O3 and the duration of the exposure increase, the health risk is increased. Therefore, O3 concentration and duration of exposure are factors influencing the health risk of exercising. These findings are extremely relevant in cities that have high levels of O3, such as the city of Rio Grande.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Source: Google Maps, 2021

Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to it is confidentiality but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Balady, G. J., R. Arena, K. Sietsema, J. Myers, L. Coke, G. F. Fletcher, D. Forman, B. Franklin, M. Guazzi, M. Gulati, S. J. Keteyian, C. J. Lavie, R. Macko, D. Mancini, R. V. Milani, C. r. R. American Heart Association Exercise, and Prevention Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, C. o. E. a. Prevention, C. o. P. V. Disease and I. C. o. Q. o. C. a. O. Research. (2010). Clinician’s Guide to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 122(2), 191–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braga, M. F. S., & Krusche, N. (2000). Padrão de Ventos em Rio Grande, RS, no período de 1992 a 1995. [Wind pattern in Rio Grande city, RS, from 1992 to 1995]. Revista Atlântica, 22, 27–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • BRASIL. (2011). Indicadores Ambientais. [Environmetal indicators] from (https://arquivofee.rs.gov.br/indicadores/indicadores-ambientais/tabelas-ambientais/).

  • BRASIL (2014). Diagnóstico de rede de monitoramento da qualidade do ar no Brasil, Ministerio do Meio Ambiente. [Diagnosis of air quality monitoring network in Brazil, Ministry of the Environment].

  • Chen, S. Y., Chu, D. C., Lee, J. H., Yang, Y. R., & Chan, C. C. (2018). Traffic-related air pollution associated with chronic kidney disease among elderly residents in Taipei City. Environmental Pollution, 234, 838–845.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, J. F., Alexeeff, G. V., Lewis, D. C., Dodge, D. E., Marty, M. A., Parker, T. R., Budroe, J. D., Lam, R. H., Lipsett, M. J., Fowles, J. R., & Das, R. (2004). Development of acute inhalation reference exposure levels (RELs) to protect the public from predictable excursions of airborne toxicants. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 24(2), 155–166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, O., D. Parrish, J. Ziemke, N. Balasho, M. Cupeiro and I. Galbally (2014). Global distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone: an observation-based review. Elem Sci Anth. 2: 000029.

  • Daigle, C. C., Chalupa, D. C., Gibb, F. R., Morrow, P. E., Oberdörster, G., Utell, M. J., & Frampton, M. W. (2003). Ultrafine particle deposition in humans during rest and exercise. Inhalation Toxicology 15(6), 539–552.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Day, D. B., Xiang, J., Mo, J., Li, F., Chung, M., Gong, J., Weschler, C. J., Ohman-Strickland, P. A., Sundell, J., Weng, W., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J. J. (2017). Association of Ozone Exposure With Cardiorespiratory Pathophysiologic Mechanisms in Healthy Adults. JAMA Internal Medicine, 177(9), 1344–1353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EPA. (2009, January). Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I human health evaluation manual (Part F). US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved November 16, 2020, from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/partf_200901_final.pdf.

  • EPA. (2013, February). Integrated Science Assessment for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants. US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved September 22, 2020, from https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/isa/recordisplay.cfm?deid=247492.

  • Florida-James, G., Donaldson, K., & Stone, V. (2004). Athens 2004: The pollution climate and athletic performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(10), 967–980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giles, L. V., & Koehle, M. S. (2014). The health effects of exercising in air pollution. Sports Medicine (auckland, n. z.), 44(2), 223–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Girardot, S. P., P. B. Ryan, S. M. Smith, W. T. Davis, C. B. Hamilton, R. A. Obenour, J. R. Renfro, K. A. Tromatore and G. D. Reed (2006). Ozone and PM2.5 exposure and acute pulmonary health effects: a study of hikers in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Environ Health Perspect 114(7): 1044–1052.

  • Gomes, E. C., Stone, V., & Florida-James, G. (2010). Investigating performance and lung function in a hot, humid and ozone-polluted environment. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 110(1), 199–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimm, A. M., Barros, V. R., & Doyle, M. E. (2000). Climate Variability in Southern South America Associated with El Niño and La Niña events. Journal of Climate, 13(1), 35–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, J., Li, G., Xu, G., Qian, X., Zhao, Y., Pan, X., Cen, Z., Liu, Q., He, T., & Guo, X. (2018). The burden of ozone pollution on years of life lost from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a city of Yangtze River Delta, China. Environmental Pollution, 242, 1266–1273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IBGE (2020). INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. [BRAZILIAN INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS]. Retrivied October 16, 2020, from https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/rs/rio-grande.html

  • Khaniabadi, Y. O., Hopke, P. K., Goudarzi, G., Daryanoosh, S. M., Jourvand, M., & Basiri, H. (2017). Cardiopulmonary mortality and COPD attributed to ambient ozone. Environmental Research, 152, 336–341.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klingen, J. and J. v. Ommeren (2020). Urban air pollution and time losses: Evidence from cyclists in London. Regional Science and Urban Economics 81: 103504.

  • Kubesch, N., De Nazelle, A., Guerra, S., Westerdahl, D., Martinez, D., Bouso, L., Carrasco-Turigas, G., Hoffmann, B., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2015a). Arterial blood pressure responses to short-term exposure to low and high traffic-related air pollution with and without moderate physical activity. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 22(5), 548–557.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubesch, N. J., de Nazelle, A., Westerdahl, D., Martinez, D., Carrasco-Turigas, G., Bouso, L., Guerra, S., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2015b). Respiratory and inflammatory responses to short-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution with and without moderate physical activity. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 72(4), 284–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laumbach, O. J. (2010). Outdoor Air Pollutants and Patient Health. American Family Physician, 81(2), 175–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marmett, B., Carvalho, R. B., Dorneles, G. P., da Silva, I. M., Romão, P. R. T., Nunes, R. B., & Rhoden, C. R. (2020a). Air pollution inhalation during acute exercise is dependent of the body mass index and ventilation of young men. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 27, 39019–39028.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marmett, B., R. B. Carvalho, G. P. Dorneles, R. B. Nunes and C. R. Rhoden (2020). Should I stay or should I go: Can air pollution reduce the health benefits of physical exercise? Med Hypotheses 144: 109993.

  • Matt, F., Cole-Hunter, T., Donaire-Gonzalez, D., Kubesch, N., Martínez, D., Carrasco-Turigas, G., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2016). Acute respiratory response to traffic-related air pollution during physical activity performance. Environment International, 97, 45–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nuvolone, D., Petri, D., & Voller, F. (2018). The effects of ozone on human health. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 25(9), 8074–8088.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasqua, L. A., M. V. Damasceno, R. Cruz, M. Matsuda, M. Garcia Martins, A. E. Lima-Silva, M. Marquezini, P. H. N. Saldiva and R. Bertuzzi (2018). Exercising in Air Pollution: The Cleanest versus Dirtiest Cities Challenge. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15(7).

  • PMRG (2020). PREFEITURA MUNICIPAL DO RIO GRANDE (PMRG). [CITY HALL OF RIO GRANDE]. Retrieved September 29, 2020, from https://www.riogrande.rs.gov.br/pagina/.

  • Silva Júnior, F. M. R., Honscha, L. C., Brum, R. L., Ramires, P. F., Tavella, R. A., Fernandes, C. L. F., Penteado, J. O., Bonifácio, A. S., Volcão, L. M., Santos, M., & Coronas, M. V. (2020). Air quality in cities of the extreme south of Brazil. Ecotoxicol Environ Contam, 15(1), 61–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tainio, M., Z. Jovanovic Andersen, M. J. Nieuwenhuijsen, L. Hu, A. de Nazelle, R. An, L. M. T. Garcia, S. Goenka, B. Zapata-Diomedi, F. Bull and T. H. Sá (2020). Air pollution, physical activity and health: A mapping review of the evidence. Environ Int 147: 105954.

  • UNECE. (2008). Health risks of ozone in Europe. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Retrieved November 10, 2020, from http://www.unece.org/env/.

  • Vicedo-Cabrera, A. M., Sera, F., Liu, C., Armstrong, B., Milojevic, A., Guo, Y., Tong, S., Lavigne, E., Kyselý, J., Urban, A., Orru H., Indermitte, E., Pascal, M., Huber, V., Schneider, A., Katsouyanni, K., Samoli, E., Stafoggia, M., Scortichini, M., Hashizume, M., Honda, Y., Ng, C. F. S., Hurtado-Diaz, M., Cruz, J., Silva, S., Madureira, J., Scovronick, N., Garland, R. M., Kim, H., Tobias, A., Íñiguez, C., Forsberg, B., Åström, C., Ragettli, M. S., Röösli, M., Guo, Y. L., Chen, B. Y., Zanobetti, A., Schwartz, J., Bell, M. L., Kan H., & Gasparrini, A. (2020). Short term association between ozone and mortality: Global two-stage time series study in 406 locations in 20 countries. BMJ, 368, m108.

  • Vingarzan, R. (2004). A review of surface ozone background levels and trends. Atmospheric Environment, 38(21), 3431–3442.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L., Li, M., Yu, S., Chen, X., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Jiang, L., Xia, Y., Li, J., Liu, W., Li, P., Lichtfouse, E., Rosenfeld, D., & Seinfeld, J. H. (2020). Unexpected rise of ozone in urban and rural areas, and sulfur dioxide in rural areas during the coronavirus city lockdown in Hangzhou, China: Implications for air quality. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 12, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2006, October). Air Quality Guidelines: Global Update 2005. World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/147851/E87950.pdf.

  • WHO (2008). Health risks of ozone from long-range transboundary air pollution. World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved September 22, 2020, from https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/78647/E91843.pdf.

  • WHO (2016). Mortality and burden of disease from ambient air pollution. Global Health Observatory, World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved October 5, 2020, from https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/2259

  • Yang, G., Liu, Y., & Li, X. (2020). Spatiotemporal distribution of ground-level ozone in China at a city level. Science and Reports, 10(1), 7229.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Bruna Marmett, Roseana Böek Carvalho are supported by doctoral fellowship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Gilson Pires Dorneles is supported by postdoctoral fellowship from (CAPES), Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão and Flávio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior (Grant number: 310856/2020-5) are grateful to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the PQ productivity scholarship.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or non-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

    Roseana Böek Carvalho, Bruna Marmett & Cláudia Ramos Rhoden

  2. Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

    Gilson Pires Dorneles, Igor Martins da Silva & Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão

  3. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande–FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil

    Flávio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior

  4. Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande–FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil

    Flávio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior

Authors
  1. Roseana Böek Carvalho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bruna Marmett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gilson Pires Dorneles
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Igor Martins da Silva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Flávio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Cláudia Ramos Rhoden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Bruna Marmett and Roseana Boek Carvalho drafted the first version of the manuscript. Bruna Marmett, Roseana Boek Carvalho and Flávio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior designed the scope of the study. Bruna Marmett, Roseana Boek Carvalho, Gilson Pires Dorneles, Igor Martins da Silva and Flávio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior developed the methodology of this study. All authors contributed to the writing of this paper. All authors approved the submission of this version for publication.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Roseana Böek Carvalho.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Consent to participate

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Consent to publish

The voluntaries have consented to the submission of the present research article to the journal.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Roseana Böek Carvalho and Bruna Marmett are first authors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Carvalho, R.B., Marmett, B., Dorneles, G.P. et al. O3 concentration and duration of exposure are factors influencing the environmental health risk of exercising in Rio Grande, Brazil. Environ Geochem Health 44, 2733–2742 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01060-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01060-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation