Abstract
The passage of 2018 Family First Prevention Services Act reflects a shift in child welfare policy, prioritizing in-home services in the hope of preventing children from entering out-of-home care. This study aims to examine service use patterns among families and children involved with child welfare system, and to investigate associations between class membership of service use and the subsequent out-of-home care. Data were from Waves 1 (baseline) and 2 (18 months follow-up) of the second cohort of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well Being. This study included measures on the following service types at Wave 1: (a) employment assistance, (b) adult mental health, (c) child mental health, (d) family mental health, (e) caregiver substance abuse treatment, (f) domestic violence, (g) legal assistance, (h) housing assistance, and (i) parenting support. A latent class analysis with the BCH Method and regression auxiliary model was used to examine the research questions. Findings showed the following four classes of service use: (1) housing services, (2) family-focused services, (3) parent-focused services, and (4) no services. When services were only focused on parents, particularly mental health and parenting services, children were more at risk of out-of-home care than when there were no services received. However, there was no difference in out-of-home care risk comparing the family-focused service group and the no service group. Mental health services for parents may be more effective in reducing risk of out-of-home care if combined with mental health services for children and families.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmadabadi, Z., Najman, J. M., Williams, G. M., Clavarino, A. M., d’Abbs, P., & Abajobir, A. A. (2018). Maternal intimate partner violence victimization and child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 82, 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.05.017
Andersen, R. M. (2008). National health surveys and the behavioral model of health services use. Medical Care, 4(7), 647–653. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31817a835d
Andersen, S. H. (2010). A good place to live? On municipality characteristics and children’s placement risk. Social Services Review, 84(2), 201–224. https://doi.org/10.1086/653635
Andrews, N. C., Motz, M., Pepler, D. J., Jeong, J. J., & Khoury, J. (2018). Engaging mothers with substance use issues and their children in early intervention: Understanding use of service and outcomes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 83, 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.06.011
Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Using the BCH method in Mplus to estimate a distal outcome model and an arbitrary secondary model. Mplus Web Notes, 21(2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.915181
Baldwin, H., Biehal, N., Allgar, V., Cusworth, L., & Pickett, K. (2020). Antenatal risk factors for child maltreatment: Linkage of data from a birth cohort study to child welfare records. Child Abuse & Neglect, 107, 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104605
Bauer, H. M., Rodriguez, M. A., Quiroga, S. S., & Flores-Ortiz, Y. G. (2000). Barriers to health care for abused Latina and Asian immigrant women. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 11, 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0590
Ben-David, V., Jonson-Reid, M., Drake, B., & Kohl, P. (2015). The association between childhood maltreatment experiences and the onset of maltreatment perpetration in young adulthood controlling for proximal and distal risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 46, 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.01.013
Bender, H. L., Allen, J. P., McElhaney, K. B., Antonishak, J., Moore, C. M., Kelly, H. O., & Davis, S. M. (2007). Use of harsh physical discipline and developmental outcomes in adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 19(1), 227–242. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579407070125
Bezeczky, Z., El-Banna, A., Petrou, S., Kemp, A., Scourfield, J., Forrester, D., & Nurmatov, U. (2020). Intensive family preservation services to prevent out-of-home care of children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 102, 104394–104410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104394
Bhatti-Sinclair, K., & Sutcliffe, C. (2012). What determines the out-of-home care of children in the USA? Children and Youth Services Review, 34(9), 1749–1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.05.004
Black, D., Heyman, R., & Smith Slep, A. (2001). Risk factors for child physical abuse. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6(2), 121–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(00)00021-5
Black, T., Fallon, B., Nikolova, K., Tarshis, S., Baird, S., & Carradine, J. (2020). Exploring subtypes of children’s exposure to intimate partner violence. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105375
Blome, W., Shields, J., & Verdieck, M. (2009). The association between foster care and substance abuse risk factors and treatment outcomes: An exploratory secondary analysis. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 18, 257–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/10678280902976214
Bunger, A. C., Chuang, E., & McBeath, B. (2012). Facilitating mental health service use for caregivers: Referral strategies among child welfare caseworkers. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(4), 696–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.12.014
Children’s Bureau (2020). The AFCARS Report. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/afcarsreport27.pdf
Burns, B. J., Mustillo, S. A., Farmer, E. M. Z., Kolko, D. J., McCrae, J., Libby, A. M., & Bruce Webb, M. (2010). Caregiver depression, mental health service use, child outcomes. In M. B. Webb, K. Dowd, B. J. Harden, J. Landsverk, & M. Testa (Eds.), Child welfare and child well-being: new perspectives from the national survey of child and adolescent well-being. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398465.003.0012
Burns, B. J., Phillips, S. D., Wagner, H. R., Barth, R. P., Kolko, D. J., Campbell, Y., & Landsverk, J. (2004). Mental health need and access to mental health services by youths involved with child welfare: A national survey. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(8), 960–970. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000127590.95585.65
Cancian, M., Yang, M., & Slack, K. (2013). The effect of additional child support income on the risk of child maltreatment. Social Service Review, 87, 417–437. https://doi.org/10.1086/671929
Casanueva, C., Smith, K., Ringeisen, H., Dolan, M., & Tueller, S. (2014). Families in need of domestic violence services reported to the child welfare system: Changes in the national survey of child and adolescent well-being between 1999–2000 and 2008–2009. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(10), 1683–1693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.05.013
Center for the Study of Social Policy. (2018). Family first prevention services act: Pregnant and parenting youth FAQs. Retrieved from https://cssp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Family-First-FAQs.pdf
Chaffin, M., Kelleher, K., & Hollenberg, J. (1996). Onset of physical abuse and neglect: Psychiatric, substance abuse, and social risk factors from prospective community data. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20(3), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(95)00144-1
Chambers, R. M., & Potter, C. C. (2008). The match between family needs and services for high-risk neglecting families. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 2(2), 229–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548730802312750
Child Welfare Information Gateway (2014). In-home services in child welfare. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/inhome_services.pdf
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2003). Child protection in families experiencing domestic violence. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.
Ciro, D., & Nwabuzor Ogbonnaya, I. (2019). The role of acculturation and intimate partner violence on post-traumatic stress symptoms among hispanic youth with child welfare contact. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519881523
Coleman, K. L., & Wu, Q. (2016). Kinship care and service utilization: A review of predisposing, enabling, and need factors. Children and Youth Services Review, 61, 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.12.014
Connell, C. M., Vanderploeg, J. J., Flaspohler, P., Katz, K. H., Saunders, L., & Tebes, J. K. (2006). Changes in placement among children in foster care: A longitudinal study of child and case influences. Social Service Review, 80(3), 398–418. https://doi.org/10.1086/505554
Courtney, M. E., Piliavin, I., Power, P. (2001) Involvement of TANF families with child protective services. Institution for Research on Poverty, Discussion paper no 1229–01. Retrieved from https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp
D’Andrade, A. C., & Chambers, R. M. (2012). Parental problems, case plan requirements, and service targeting in child welfare reunification. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 2131–2138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.07.008
Damashek, A., & Bonner, B. L. (2010). Factors related to sibling removal after a child maltreatment fatality. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(8), 563–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.12.006
DeGarmo, D. S., Chamberlain, P., Leve, L. D., & Price, J. (2009). Foster parent intervention engagement moderating child behavior problems and placement disruption. Research on Social Work Practice, 19(4), 423–433. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731508329407
Dettlaff, A. J., & Berger Cardoso, J. (2010). Mental health need and service use among Latino children of immigrants in the child welfare system. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 1373–1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.06.005
Dowd, K., Dolan, M., Wallin, J., Miller, K., Biemer, P., Aragon-Logan, E., … Smith, K. ( 2012). National survey of child and adolescent well-being II, NSCAW-II, combined waves 1-2, data file user’s manual, restricted release version. Ithaca, NY: National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect.
Doyle, J. J. (2007). Child protection and child outcomes: Measuring the effects of foster care. American Economic Review, 97(5), 1583–1610. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.5.1583
Drake, B., Jolley, J. M., Lanier, P., Fluke, J., Barth, R., & Jonson-Reid, M. (2011). Racial bias in child protection? A comparison of competing explanations using national data. Pediatrics, 127, 471–478. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-1710
Easterbrooks, M. A., Chaudhuri, J. H., Bartlett, J. D., & Copeman, A. (2011). Resilience in parenting among young mothers: Family and ecological risks and opportunities. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(1), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.08.010
Eckenrode, J., Smith, E. G., McCarthy, M. E., & Dineen, M. (2014). Income inequality and child maltreatment in the United States. Pediatrics, 133, 454–461. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1707
Enders, C., Bandalos, D. (2001). The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 8(3), 430–457. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0803_5
English, D.J., & the LONGSCAN Investigators. (1997). Modified maltreatment classification system (MMCS). http://www.iprc.unc.edu/longscan/
English, D. J., Upadhyaya, M. P., Litrownik, A. J., Marshall, J. M., Runyan, D. K., Graham, J. C., & Dubowitz, H. (2005). Maltreatment’s wake: The relationship of maltreatment dimensions to child outcomes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 597–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.12.008
Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L., & Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: A narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 14(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3
Fenerci, R. L. B., & Allen, B. (2018). From mother to child: Maternal betrayal trauma and risk for maltreatment and psychopathology in the next generation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 82, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.05.014
Finno-Velasquez, M. (2013). The relationship between parent immigration status and concrete support service use among Latinos in child welfare: Findings using the National Survey of child and adolescent well-being (NSCAWII). Children and Youth Services Review, 35, 2118–2127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.10.013
Finno-Velasquez, M., Berger Cardoso, J., Dettlaff, A. J., & Hurlburt, M. S. (2015). Effects of parent immigration status on mental health service use among Latino children referred to child welfare. Psychiatric Services, 67, 192–198. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400444
Finno-Velasquez, M., Seay, K., & He, A. S. (2016). The influence of nativity and legal status on substance abuse and service use among Latino parents reported to child welfare. Children and Youth Services Review, 71, 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.035
Gilbert, R., Fluke, J., O’Donnell, M., Gonzalez-Izquierdo, A., Brownell, M., Gulliver, P., et al. (2012). Child maltreatment: Variation in trends and policies in six developed countries. Lancet, 379(9817), 758–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61087-8
Glisson, C., Bailey, J. W., & Post, J. A. (2000). Predicting the time children spend in state custody. Social Service Review, 23, 253–280. https://doi.org/10.1086/514479
Glisson, C., & Green, P. (2006). The role of specialty mental health care in predicting child welfare and juvenile justice out-of-home cares. Research on Social Work Practice, 16(5), 480–490. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731506287089
Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2000). Who goes into kinship care? The relationship of child and family characteristics to placement into kinship foster care. Social Work Research, 24, 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/24.3.132
Grumi, S., Milani, L., & Di Blasio, P. (2017). Risk assessment in a multicultural context: Risk and protective factors in the decision to place children in foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 77, 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.04.009
Gyamfi, P., Lichtenstein, C., Fluke, J., Xu, Y., Lee, S., & Fisher, S. (2012). The relationship between child welfare involvement and mental health outcomes of young children and their caregivers receiving services in system of care communities. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 20(4), 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426610385119
Ha, Y., Collins, M. E., & Martino, D. (2015). Child care burden and the risk of child maltreatment among low-income working families. Children and Youth Services Review, 59, 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.10.008
Hollinshead, D. M., Corwin, T. W., Maher, E. J., Merkel-Holguin, L., Allan, H., & Fluke, J. D. (2017). Effectiveness of family group conferencing in preventing repeat referrals to child protective services and out-of-home cares. Child Abuse & Neglect, 69, 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.022
Holmes, M. R., Bender, A. E., Crampton, D. S., Voith, L. A., & Prince, D. M. (2019). Research foundations of greenbook interventions to address the co-occurrence of child maltreatment and adult domestic violence. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 70(4), 11–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfcj.12150
Horwitz, S. M., Hurlburt, M. S., Cohen, S. D., Zhang, J., & Landsverk, J. (2011). Predictors of placement for children who initially remained in their homes after an investigation for abuse or neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(3), 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.12.002
Huefner, J. C., James, S., Ringle, J., Thompson, R. W., & Daly, D. L. (2010). Patterns of movement for youth within an integrated continuum of residential services. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(6), 857–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.02.005
Hussey, D. L., & Guo, S. (2003). Measuring behavior change in young children receiving intensive school-based mental health services. Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 629–639. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.10074
Jarpe-Ratner, E., Bellamy, J. L., Yang, D., & Smithgall, C. (2015). Using child welfare assessments and latent class analysis to identify prevalence and comorbidity of parent service needs. Children and Youth Services Review, 57, 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.07.019
Jedwab, M., Xu, Y., & Shaw, T. V. (2020). Kinship care first? factors associated with placement moves in out-of-home care. Children and Youth Services Review, 115, 105104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105104
Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Parent management training: Treatment for oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. Oxford University Press.
Kazdin, A. E., & Wassell, G. (1999). Barriers to treatment participation and therapeutic change among children referred for conduct disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(2), 160–172. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2802_4
Kim, H., & Drake, B. (2018). Child maltreatment risk as a function of poverty and race/ethnicity in the USA. International Journal of Epidemiology, 47, 780–787. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx280
Knott, T., & Donovan, K. (2010). Disproportionate representation of African–American children in foster care: Secondary analysis of the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System, 2005. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(5), 679–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.01.003
Kohl, P., Jonson-Reid, M., & Drake, B. (2011). Maternal mental illness and the safety and stability of maltreated children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(5), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.01.006
Kolko, D. J., Hurlburt, M. S., Zhang, J., Barth, R. P., Leslie, L. K., & Burns, B. J. (2010). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents referred for child welfare investigation: A national sample of in-home and out-of-home care. Child Maltreatment, 15(1), 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559509337892
Lawson, J. (2019). Domestic violence as child maltreatment: Differential risks and outcomes among cases referred to child welfare agencies for domestic violence exposure. Children and Youth Services Review, 98, 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.12.017
Lee, B. J., & Goerge, R. M. (1999). Poverty, early childbearing and child maltreatment: A multinomial analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 21(9–10), 755–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-7409(99)00053-5
Lee, J. S., & Logan-Greene, P. (2017). Patterns of family service needs and caregiver–child relationships among families at risk of child welfare involvement. Child & Family Social Work, 22(4), 1515–1524. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12375
Leslie, L. K., Hurlburt, M. S., James, S., Landsverk, J., Slymen, D. J., & Zhang, J. (2005). Relationship between entry into child welfare and mental health service use. Psychiatric Services, 56, 981–988. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.56.8.981
Lindo, J. M., Schaller, J., & Hansen, B. (2018). Caution! Men not at work: Gender-specific labor market conditions and child maltreatment. Journal of Public Economics, 163, 77–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.04.007
Lorthridge, J., McCroskey, J., Pecora, P., Chambers, R., & Fatemi, M. (2012). Strategies for improving child welfare services for families of color: First findings of a community-based initiative in Los Angeles. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.10.025
Lotspeich, S. C., Jarrett, R. T., Epstein, R. A., Shaffer, A. M., Gracey, K., Cull, M. J., & Raman, R. (2020). Incidence and neighborhood-level determinants of child welfare involvement. Child Abuse & Neglect, 109, 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104767
Lyons-Ruth, K., Lyubchik, A., Wolfe, R., & Bronfman, E. (2002). Parental depression and child attachment: Hostile and helpless profiles of parent and child behavior among families at risk. In S. H. Goodman & I. H. Gotlib (Eds.), Children of depressed parents: Mechanisms of risk and implications for treatment (pp. 89–120). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10449-004
Macy, R., Giattina, M., Sangster, T., Crosby, C., & Montijo, N. J. (2009). Domestic violence and sexual assault services: Inside the black box. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(5), 359–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.06.002
Marcenko, M. O., Hook, J. L., Romich, J. L., & Lee, J. S. (2012). Multiple jeopardy: Poor, economically disconnected, and child welfare involved. Child Maltreatment, 17(3), 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559512456737
Marinkovic, J. A., & Backovic, D. (2007). Relationship between type of placement and competencies and problem behavior of adolescents in long-term foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(2), 216–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2006.08.004
Massinga, R., & Pecora, P. J. (2004). Providing better opportunities for older children in the child welfare system. Children, Families, and Foster Care, 14(1), 151–173. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602759
Masyn, K. E. (2013). Latent class analysis and finite mixture modeling. In T. D. Little (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of quantitative methods: Statistical analysis (pp. 551–611). Oxford University Press.
Moylan, C. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Sousa, C., Tajima, E. A., Herrenkohl, R. C., & Russo, J. M. (2010). The effects of child abuse and exposure to domestic violence on adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Family Violence, 25(1), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-009-9269-9
Muthén LK, & Muthén BO (1998–2020). Mplus user’s guide: Statistical analysis with latent variables: user’s guide. Muthn & Muthn.
Needell, B., Cuccaro-Alamin, S., Brookhart, A., & Lee, S. (1999). Transitions from AFDC to child welfare in California. Children and Youth Services Review, 21(9), 815–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-7409(99)00055-9
Ogbonnaya, I. N., & Guo, S. (2013). Effect of domestic violence on the risk of out-of-home placement: A propensity score analysis. Journal of the Society for Social Work & Research, 4, 198–213. https://doi.org/10.5243/jsswr.2013.14
Ogbonnaya, I. N., Keeney, A. J., & Villodas, M. T. (2019). The role of co-occurring intimate partner violence, alcohol use, drug use, and depressive symptoms on disciplinary practices of mothers involved with child welfare. Child Abuse & Neglect, 90, 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.02.002
Palusci, V. J., Yager, S., & Covington, T. M. (2010). Effects of a citizens review panel in preventing child maltreatment fatalities. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(5), 324–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.018
Parra, G., Ross, J., Ringle, J., Samson, N., & Thompson, R. (2016). Evaluation of boys town in-home family services with families referred by child welfare. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work, 13(4), 401–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/23761407.2015.1086715
Perlman, S., & Fantuzzo, J. W. (2013). Predicting risk of placement: A population-based study of out-of-home care, child maltreatment, and emergency housing. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 4(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.5243/jsswr.2013.7
Putnam-Hornstein, E., Needell, B., King, B., & Johnson-Motoyama, M. (2013). Racial and ethnic disparities: A population-based examination of risk factors for involvement with child protective services. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.08.005
Children’s Rights. (2014). Foster care. Retrieved from http://www.childrensrights.org/newsroom/fact-sheets/foster-care/
Rinehart, D. J., Becker, M., Buckley, P. R., Dailey, K., Reichardt, C. S., Graber, C., VanDeMark, N. R., & Brown, E. (2005). The relationship between mothers’ child abuse potential and current Mental Health symptoms. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 32, 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02287264
Rivaux, S. L., James, J., Wittenstrom, K., Baumann, D., Sheets, J., Henry, J., et al. (2008). The intersection of race, poverty and risk: Understanding the decision to provide services to clients and to remove children. Child Welfare, 87(2), 151–168. Special Issue.
Roscoe, J. N., Lery, B., & Chambers, J. E. (2018). Understanding child protection decisions involving parents with mental illness and substance abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 81, 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.05.005
Rosen, D., Tolman, R., & Warner, L. (2004). Low-income women’s use of substance abuse and mental health services. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 15(2), 206–219. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2004.0028
Ryan, J. P., & Schuerman, J. R. (2004). Matching family problems with specific family preservation services: A study of service effectiveness. Children and Youth Services Review, 26(4), 347–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.01.004
Shaw, T. V., Putnam-Hornstein, E., Magruder, J., & Needell, B. (2008). Measuring racial disparity in child welfare. Child Welfare, 87(2), 23–36.
Shook, K. (1999). Does the loss of welfare income increase the risk of involvement with the child welfare system? Children and Youth Services Review, 21(9), 781–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-7409(99)00054-7
Slayter, E., & Springer, C. (2011). Child welfare-involved youth with intellectual disabilities: Pathways into and placements in foster care. Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities, 49(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-49.1.1
Smith, C. J., & Devore, W. (2004). African American children in the child welfare and kinship system: From exclusion to over inclusion. Children and Youth Services Review, 26(5), 427–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.02.005
Staudt, M., & Cherry, D. (2009). Mental health and substance use problems of parents involved with child welfare: Are services offered and provided? Psychiatric Services, 60(1), 56–60. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.1.56
Stevens, J., Ammerman, R. T., Putnam, F. G., & Van Ginkel, J. B. (2002). Depression and trauma history in first-time mothers receiving home visitation. Journal of Community Psychology, 30(5), 551–564. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.10017
Testa, M., Snyder, S., Wu, Q., Rolock, N., & Liao, M. (2015). Adoption and guardianship: A moderated mediation analysis of predictors of post-permanency continuity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(2), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000019
Thomlison, B. (2004). Child maltreatment: A risk and protective factor perspective. In M. W. Fraser (Ed.), Risk and resilience in childhood: An ecological perspective (pp. 89–131). NASW Press.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, Children’s Bureau (2012). Child maltreatment 2011. Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/child-maltreatment.
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau. (2020). Child Maltreatment 2018. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cm2018.pdf
Victor, B. G., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Ryan, J. P., Perron, B. E., & Gilbert, T. T. (2018). Domestic violence, parental substance misuse and the decision to substantiate child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 79, 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.01.030
Victor, B. G., Henry, C., Gilbert, T. T., Ryan, J. P., & Perron, B. E. (2019). Child protective service referrals involving exposure to domestic violence: Prevalence, associated maltreatment types, and likelihood of formal case openings. Child Maltreatment, 24(3), 299–309. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559519843605
Waid, J., Kothari, B. H., Bank, L., & McBeath, B. (2016). Foster care placement change: The role of family dynamics and household composition. Children and Youth Services Review, 68, 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.06.024
Wall-Wieler, E., Almquist, Y., Liu, C., Vinnerljung, B., & Hjern, A. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of out-of-home care in Sweden: A population-based cohort study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 83, 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.007
Whitaker, D., Self-Brown, S., Hayat, M., Osborne, M., Weeks, E., Reidy, D., & Lyons, M. (2020). Effect of the SafeCare© intervention on parenting outcomes among parents in child welfare systems: A cluster randomized trial. Preventive Medicine, 138, 106167–106167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106167
Yampolskaya, S., & Chuang, E. (2012). Effects of mental health disorders on the risk of juvenile justice system involvement and recidivism among children placed in out-of home care. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(4), 585–593. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01184.x
Zuravin, S. J., & DePanfilis, D. (1997). Factors affecting foster care placement of children receiving child protective services. Social Work Research, 21(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/21.1.34
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, Q., Nwabuzor Ogbonnaya, I. & Yan, Y. The Patterns of In-Home Service Use and Their Relationships with Child Out-of-Home Care. Child Adolesc Soc Work J 40, 381–393 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-021-00787-4
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-021-00787-4