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β-Lactam Resistance Gene NDM-1 in the Aquatic Environment: A Review

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Abstract

New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) offers carbapenem antibiotics resistance that creates an evolving challenge in treating bacterial infections. NDM-1-bearing strains were observed in surface waters around New Delhi in 2010 and after then identified globally. The usage of antibiotics may hasten the growth of the NDM-1-producing bacteria, which pose severe hazards to human and animal health. The emergence of the NDM-1 in the aquatic environment is turning out to be a growing concern worldwide. NDM-1 gene conferring resistance to a widespread class of antibiotics has been observed in bacteria disseminated in animal production wastewaters, hospital sewage, domestic sewage, industrial effluents, wastewater treatment plants, drinking water, surface water, and even in groundwater. This review recapitulates the currently published research studies on the prevalence and geographical distribution of the NDM-1 gene in the aquatic environment, its habitats, and healthcare risk associated with NDM-1-producing bacteria, in addition to molecular techniques employed to reveal the occurrence of the NDM-1 in the aquatic environment, including conventional polymerase chain reaction, real-time qPCR, DNA hybridization, and microarray-based methods.

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Funding

The authors thank the University Grant Commission (UGC), India for providing financial assistance [UGC-Ref. No.: 24625/(NET-DEC. 2013)] for this study.

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  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India

    Rajeev Ranjan & Shashidhar Thatikonda

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  1. Rajeev Ranjan
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RR postulated this research, drafted the manuscript, and participated in the revisions of it. ST supervised the draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Shashidhar Thatikonda.

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Ranjan, R., Thatikonda, S. β-Lactam Resistance Gene NDM-1 in the Aquatic Environment: A Review. Curr Microbiol 78, 3634–3643 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-021-02630-6

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