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Inundation, Hydrodynamics and Vegetation Influence Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in Amazon Floodplain Lakes

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Abstract

Extensive floodplains and numerous lakes in the Amazon basin are well suited to examine the role of floodable lands within the context of the sources and processing of carbon within inland waters. We measured diel, seasonal and inter-annual variations of CO2 concentrations and related environmental variables in open water and flooded vegetation and estimated their habitat area using remote sensing in a representative Amazon floodplain lake, Lake Janauacá. Variability in CO2 concentrations in open water resulted from changes in the extent of inundation and exchange with vegetated habitats. Depth-averaged values of CO2 in the open water of the lake, 157 ± 91 µM (mean ± SD), were less than those in an embayment near aquatic vegetation, 285 ± 116 µM, and were variable over 24-h periods at both sites. Within floating herbaceous plant mats, the mean concentration was 275 ± 77 µM, while in flooded forests it was 217 ± 78 µM. The best statistical model that included CO2 in aquatic plant mats, water clarity, rate of change in water level and chlorophyll-a concentrations explained around 90% of the variability in CO2 concentration. Three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling demonstrated that diel differences in water temperature between plant mats and open water as well as basin-scale motions caused lateral exchanges of CO2 between vegetated habitats and open water. Our findings extend understanding of CO2 in tropical lakes and floodplains with measurements and models that emphasize the importance of flooded forests and aquatic herbaceous plants fringing floodplain lakes as sources of CO2 to open waters.

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Acknowledgements

Field work was supported by Ministério da Ciência Tecnologia CNPq/LBA-Edital.68/2013, processo 458036/ 2013-8, and CNPq - Universal processo 482004 / 2012-6 to BRF, US Department of Energy Contract DE-0010620 to JMM, and CNPq/LBA Edital 68/2013, processo 458038/2013-0 to Thiago Silva. Post-graduate scholarships were provided to JHFA and PMB, by CNPQ and CAPES. JHFA is thankful to the Université de Liège for a research grant (SRDE) and CAPES for the grant Programa de Doutorado Sanduíche no Exterior -88881.135203/2016-01. JMM received support from NASA (Contract NNX14AD29G), the US Department of Energy (Contract DE-0010620) and a Fulbright fellowship for field studies. Additional support for data analysis was provided by NASA (Contracts NNX14AD29G and NNX17AK49G) and the US National Science Foundation (Division of Environmental Biology, Grant Number 1753856) to JMM and SM. AVB is a research director at the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS). The authors thank INPA for logistical support, João B. Rocha for the field support, Michaela L. Melo, Daniela D. F. Wolf, Maiby Glorize, Elizandra Sampaio and Jonismar S. Souza for laboratory and field support, Lúcia Silva for offering her floating house as a research base, Rodrigo Nunes and Thiago Silva for providing information and discussions related to aquatic plants, and Fernanda Ribeiro for sharing the code for the landcover classification of high-resolution images and discussions related to the remote sensing.

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Author notes

  1. JHFA: Lead author, conceived research, performed field sampling, performed sample and data analysis, wrote paper. PMB, JMM, BRF, AVB, SM: conceived research, wrote paper. DK, PMB performed field sampling and sample analysis, performed data analysis wrote paper. SM, AC, WZ: performed data analysis, contributed models, wrote paper. All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved the final submission.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Earth Research Institute, 6832 Ellison Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA

    João Henrique Fernandes Amaral, John Michael Melack, Pedro Maia Barbosa, Wencai Zhou & Sally MacIntyre

  2. Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Laboratório de Ecossistemas Aquáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

    João Henrique Fernandes Amaral & Bruce Rider Forsberg

  3. Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA

    John Michael Melack

  4. Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Pedro Maia Barbosa & Daniele Kasper

  5. Chemical Oceanography Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

    Alberto V. Borges

  6. Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA

    Alicia Cortes Cortés

  7. Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, Montpelier, Vermont, USA

    Bruce Rider Forsberg

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  1. João Henrique Fernandes Amaral
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Amaral, J.H.F., Melack, J.M., Barbosa, P.M. et al. Inundation, Hydrodynamics and Vegetation Influence Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in Amazon Floodplain Lakes. Ecosystems 25, 911–930 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-021-00692-y

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