Abstract
The diadematid sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii occurs in Australia and New Zealand and has undergone recent southward range extension in Australia as a result of regional warming. Clarifying the population genetic structure of this species across its New Zealand range would allow a better understanding of recent and future mechanisms driving range changes in the species. Here, we use microsatellite DNA data to assess connectivity and genetic structure in 385 individuals from 14 locations across the Australian and New Zealand ranges of the species. We detected substantial genetic differentiation among C. rodgersii populations from Australia and New Zealand. However, the population from Port Stephens (located north of Newcastle), Australia, strongly clustered with New Zealand samples. This suggests that the New Zealand populations recently originated from this area, likely via larval transport in the Tasman Front flow that arises in this region. The weak population genetic structure and relatively low genetic diversity detected in New Zealand (global Fst = 0.0021) relative to Australia (global Fst = 0.0339) is consistent with the former population’s inferred history of recent climate-driven expansion. Population-level inbreeding is low in most populations, but were higher in New Zealand (global Fis = 0.0833) than in Australia (global Fis = 0.0202), suggesting that self-recruitment is playing an increasingly important role in the New Zealand region. Our results suggest that C. rodgersii is likely to spread southwards as ocean temperatures increase; therefore, it is crucial that researchers develop a clearer understanding of how New Zealand ecosystems will be reshaped by this species (and others) under climate change.
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modified from Hill et al. 2011). PSNB Port Stephens Bay, SHBP Sydney Harbour, TASC Tasmania (Safety Cove), TAFB Tasmania (Fortescue Bay), JBMB Jervis Bay, CH Cape Howe, TAEC Tasmania (East Cape), PKN Poor Knights Island, WIS White Island, ALD Alderman Islands, MOK Mokohinau Island, MER Mercury Island, NKER northern Kermadec Islands, SKER southern Kermadec Islands
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All voucher specimens are stored at the Department of Zoology, University of Otago and tissue collections held at Massey University are findable via the Genomics Observatories Metadatabase (GEOME). All genotype files and sample metadata are deposited in appropriate repositories (genotype files are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14450163.v1; sample metadata are available at GEOME [GUID https://n2t.net/ark:/21547/DpW2] as part of the Ira Moana Project, https://sites.massey.ac.nz/iramoana/). These samples and derived data have a Biocultural (BC) Notice attached. The BC Notice is a visible notification that there are accompanying cultural rights and responsibilities that need further attention for any future sharing and use of this material or data. The BC Notice recognises the rights of Indigenous peoples to permission the use of information, collections, data and digital sequence information generated from the biodiversity or genetic resources associated with traditional lands, waters, and territories. The BC Notice may indicate that BC (Biocultural) Labels are in development and their implementation is being negotiated. For more information about the BC Notices, visit https://localcontexts.org/notice/bc-notice/.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Tania King for lab assistance, Felix Vaux for assisting with figure production and Robert Smith for discussions on physical oceanography and various members of MEGMAR (Molecular Ecology Group for Marine Research at Flinders University) for assistance with the sampling in Australia. Expeditions to the Kermadec Islands were made possible by the Sir Peter Blake Trust, the Commanding Officer and ship’s company of HMNZS Canterbury, the RV Braveheart crew (Stoney Creek Shipping Company), and the RV Tangaroa with the support of the Auckland Museum Institute, Auckland Museum, the Pew Charitable Trusts, and the School of Natural and Computational Sciences (SNCS) Massey University, the Marine Funding Advisory Research Group, NIWA (Project COBR1705), Te Papa Tongarewa, and Ministry for the Environment. We thank J. David Aguirre, Tom Trnski, Adam N. H. Smith, David Acuña-Marrero, Emma Betty, Mat Betty, Crispin Middleton, Phil Ross, Sam McCormack, and Severine Hannam for collecting help. We wish to thank and acknowledge mana whenua (the traditional owners), the Māori iwi of Ngāti Kuri and Ngātiwai, for their support. We thank Te Komite Rakahau ki Kāi Tahu (the Ngāi Tahu Research Consultation Committee) for reviewing our proposed research and providing advice on establishing partnerships with iwi and exchanging new knowledge generated by the research. We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their careful and detailed suggestions on earlier drafts which have greatly improved this manuscript.
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Research was supported by a University of Otago Research Grant to M. Lamare. L. Liggins was supported by a Rutherford Foundation New Zealand Postdoctoral Fellowship.
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Conceptualisation: MDL, LL, SCB, LBB, JMW, MB, and LC. Methodology: MDL, JMW, LL, SCB, LBB, GAMcC, and LJT. Field sampling: MDL, LL, and ML. Formal analysis and investigation: all the authors. Writing—original draft preparation: MDL, LL, SCB, LBB, JMW, MB, LC, GAMcC, and LJT. Writing—review and editing: MDL, LL, SCB, LBB, JMW, MB, GAMcC, and LJT. Funding acquisition: MDL, LL, SCB, LBB, JMW, MB, and LC. Resources: MDL, LL, and JMW.
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Thomas, L.J., Liggins, L., Banks, S.C. et al. The population genetic structure of the urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii in New Zealand with links to Australia. Mar Biol 168, 138 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03946-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03946-4