Abstract
The X-10 nuclear reactor was built at the Clinton Engineering Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, as the world’s first Pu production reactor. Operation commenced in November 1943, producing Pu on the gram-scale for the first time. A 61.1 mg sample of 239Pu has been identified at Los Alamos National Laboratory containing multiple forensic signatures consistent with production from the X-10 reactor in early 1944, when the first samples of reactor-produced Pu were shipped from X-10 to Los Alamos. Our nuclear forensics investigation included Pu isotopic analysis, chronometry, X-10 reactor physics simulations, and trace metal analyses. This historic sample has been determined to be among the oldest reactor-produced Pu reported in the literature and is among the first 1.4 kg of Pu ever produced.
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Data and materials availability
All data associated with this project is made available in the main text or the supplementary information. Data is also made publicly available through the Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute publication database (cyclotron.tamu.edu/hamilton). The material discussed here remains at Los Alamos National Laboratory and Texas A&M University; however, the entirety of the sample was dissolved and separated on October 16, 2019.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Prof. B. V. Miller of the Texas A&M University Department of Geology and Geophysics for assistance with mass spectrometry operations and consumables. This manuscript was released to the public by Los Alamos National Laboratory under document number LA-UR-20-28280. This work was supported by the Los Alamos National Laboratory Seaborg Institute program and the Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration under Award Number DE-NA0003180. This work was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
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K.J.G. wrote the manuscript, performed the forensic analyses, and conducted the formal data analysis. K.J.G. and E.M.B. conceptualized the project and E.M.B. supervised all work with Pu at Los Alamos. S.S.C. conceptualized the reactor simulations. P.J.O. developed the reactor model and performed the simulations. C.M.F. and S.S.C. provided supervision of project goals, scope, and progress. All authors provided editing and review of the finalized manuscript.
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Description of the reactor physics models employed here and their tabulated outputs (Tables S1 – S4 and Fig. S3 – S5), as well as the radiopurity evaluations of Plutonium 4 (Fig. S1 – S2) and a reproduction of the LANL memorandum referenced in Table 1 (Fig. S6). (PDF 781 kb)
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Glennon, K.J., Bond, E.M., Bredeweg, T.A. et al. Nuclear forensics methodology identifies legacy plutonium from the Manhattan Project. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 330, 57–65 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-021-07924-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-021-07924-4