Skip to main content
Log in

Assessment and Characterization of Welded Mild Steel (E-6013) Using Ultrasonic Testing and Hilbert Huang Transform

  • ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS
  • Published:
Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

All welded parts undergo aging once operated at elevated temperatures. Exposures of structures on elevated temperatures adversely affect the material performance and deteriorate the structure’s toughness. The welded part also develops the high risk of brittle fracture. In order to establish the fracture toughness, it is not always possible to remove the specimen from the service. Therefore, it is desirable to develop an in situ non-destructive testing (NDT) based on ultrasonic testing (UT) method along with advanced signal processing techniques. Ultrasonic testing is an extensively used Non-destructive testing technique that offers improved damage detection capability. The objective of the study is to found a quantitative relation between UT and mechanical properties of welded joint heat treated specimens. The data was acquired from the testing of weld specimens at different levels of temperatures through ultrasonic testing. There is a trend observed between the variation in the UT signal’s characteristics i.e. attenuation and the variation in the mechanical properties. The possible categorization of UT signal in terms of different thermal aging levels has also been explored using Hilbert Huang transform (HHT) on acquired UT signals. The experimental relationships will enable welded specimen toughness prediction solely through in situ ultrasonic testing while the specimen will remain in service.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. Dorbane, A., Mansoor, B., Ayoub, G., Shunmugas, V.C., and Imad, A., Mechanical, microstructural and fracture properties of dissimilar welds produced by friction stir welding of AZ 3113 and AL 6061, Mater. Sci. Eng., 2016, vol. 651, pp. 720–733.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bo Li, Shen Yufi, and Hu Weiye, The study of defects in aluminum 2219-T6 thick butt friction stir welds with the application of multiple nondestructive testing methods, Mater. Des., 2011, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 2073—2084.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Fadare, D. A., Fadara, T.G., and Akanbi, O.Y., Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure of NST 37-2 Steel, J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng., 2011, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 299–308.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Tariq Mairaj Khan and Sohaib Z. Khan, Assessement of material properties of AISI 316L stainless steel using nondestructive testing, Nondestr. Test. Eval., 2016, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 360–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bipin Kumar Srivastava, A review on effect of preheating and/or post weld heat treatment (PWHT) on mechanical behaviour of ferrous metals, Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol., 2010, vol. 2(4), nos. 0975–5462, pp. 625–631.

  6. Nanekar, P.P. and Shah, B.K., Characterization of material properties by ultrasonics, BARC Newsl., 2004, no. 249, pp. 25–36.

  7. Chern, E.J., An improved ultrasonic image presentation, in Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Thompson, D.O. and Chimenti, D.E., Eds., Boston: Springer, 1995, vol. 14, pp. 889–892.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Khan, T.M.R., Maqsood, A., Warraich, S.A., and Khalid, S., Postweld heat treatment characterization of mild steel (E6013) welded areas using wavelet transform of ultrasonic testing signals, J. Test. Eval., 2018, vol. 5, p. 46.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Sohaib Z. Khan, Tariq M. Khan, Yasir F. Joya, Muhammad A. Khan, Sarah Ahmed, and Aqueel Shah, Assessment of material properties of AISI 316L stainless steel using nondestructive testing, Nondestr. Test. Eval., 2016, pp. 360–370.

  10. Dragan, K., Katunin, A., and Dziendzikowski, M., Damage identification in aircraft composite structures: A case study using various nondestructive testing techniques, Compos. Struct., 2015, vol. 127, pp. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.02.080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. NDT Resource Center. http://www.nde-ed.org.

  12. Cassio Melo Moura, Evaluation of the ductile to brittle transition temperature in steel low carbon, INAC 2009, Rio De Janeiro, 2009.

  13. Yang, G., Khan, T., Zhang, L., Dib, G., Xin, J., Udpa, L., Majumdar, S., Udpa, S., and Kim, J., Pre-processing methods for eddy current data analysis using Hilbert–Huang transform, Int. J. Appl. Electromagn. Mech., 2012, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 389–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Tariq Khan, Shantanu Majumdar, and Lalita Udpa, Automated flaw detection scheme for cast austenitic stainless steel weld specimens using Hilbert–Huang transform of ultrasonic phased array data, AIP Conf. Proc., 2012, vol. 1430, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Ghazanfar Ali M., Saad Warriach, and Tariq Mairaj Khan, Evaluation of the aging effect on mild steel (E6013) welded area using Hilbert–Huang transform on UT signals, Int. Conf. Emerging Technol., Karachi: IEEE, 2016.

  16. ISO 179-1:2010. Plastics—Determination of Charpy impact properties. Part 1: Non-instrumented impact test, 2010.

  17. Weimin Gao, Christ Glorieux, et al., Investigation of the microstructure of cast iron by laser ultrasonic surface wave spectroscope, in material science and engineering, Mater. Sci. Eng.: A, vol. 313, nos. 1–2, pp. 170–179.

  18. Naqvi, Z.A, Khan, T.M.R., Ghazanfar, Ali M., et al., Evaluation of heat treatment effect on impact strength of glass fiber-reinforced composite material using NDT technique, Mater. Perform. Charact., 2020, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 72–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Ghazanfar Ali.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Khalid, A., Ali, M.G., Khan, D.T. et al. Assessment and Characterization of Welded Mild Steel (E-6013) Using Ultrasonic Testing and Hilbert Huang Transform. Russ J Nondestruct Test 57, 401–407 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S106183092105003X

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S106183092105003X

Keywords:

Navigation