Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum has been widely used for bulk and fine chemicals fermentation these years. In this study, we developed a defined medium for this bacteria based on the widely used CGXII minimal medium. We evaluated the effects of different components in CGXII on cell growth of C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 and improved the medium through single-factor experiment and central composite design (CCD). Urea, K2HPO4 and MgSO4 were found to be significant factors. 7 out of the total 15 components were modified. (NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, and protocatechuic acid were eliminated. Amounts of urea and MgSO4 were increased, and concentrations of biotin and glucose were reduced. The resulting R2 medium was proved to be more suitable for cell growth, plasmid amplification and protein production than the original recipe. Remarkably, cell biomass accumulation in R2 increased by 54.36% than CGXII. Transcriptome analysis revealed alteration of carbon metabolism, cation transport and energy synthesis, which might be beneficial for cell growth in R2. Considering the high nitrogen content and availability of urea, the new medium is simplified and cost effective, which holds attractive potential for future study.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andrews S (2010) FastQC: a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. Babraham Bioinformatics, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom. https://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc
Arumugam M, Agarwal A, Arya MC, Ahmed Z (2013) Influence of nitrogen sources on biomass productivity of microalgae Scenedesmus bijugatus. Bioresour Technol 131:246–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.159
Baritugo KA, Kim HT, David Y, Choi JI, Hong SH, Jeong KJ, Choi JH, Joo JC, Park SJ (2018) Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for fermentative production of chemicals in biorefinery. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102(9):3915–3937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-8896-6
Becker J, Rohles CM, Wittmann C (2018) Metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum for bio-based production of chemicals, fuels, materials, and healthcare products. Metab Eng 50:122–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2018.07.008
Beckers G, Bendt AK, Krämer R, Burkovski A (2004) Molecular identification of the urea uptake system and transcriptional analysis of urea transporter-and urease-encoding genes in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Bacteriol 186(22):7645–7652. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.186.22.7645-7652.2004
Bendt AK, Beckers G, Silberbach M, Wittmann A, Burkovski A (2004) Utilization of creatinine as an alternative nitrogen source in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Arch Microbiol 181(6):443–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-004-0679-z
Brabender M, Hussain MS, Rodriguez G, Blenner MA (2018) Urea and urine are a viable and cost-effective nitrogen source for Yarrowia lipolytica biomass and lipid accumulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102(5):2313–2322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-8769-z
Buchholz J, Graf M, Blombach B, Takors R (2014) Improving the carbon balance of fermentations by total carbon analyses. Biochem Eng J 90:162–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2014.06.007
Chen N, Du J, Liu H, Xu Q (2009) Elementary mode analysis and metabolic flux analysis of L-glutamate biosynthesis by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Ann Microbiol 59(2):317. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03178334
Cheng M, Xing Z, Lu L, Chen F, He J, Huang X (2020) A plasmid-based genomic screening system for transcriptional regulators of non-adjacent xenobiotic catabolism genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 104(3):1163–1174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10268-5
Cock PJ, Fields CJ, Goto N, Heuer ML, Rice PM (2010) The Sanger FASTQ file format for sequences with quality scores, and the Solexa/Illumina FASTQ variants. Nucleic Acids Res 38(6):1767–1771. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkp1137
Consortium GO (2004) The Gene Ontology (GO) database and informatics resource. Nucleic Acids Res 32(Suppl_1):D258–D261. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh036
Freier L, Hemmerich J, Schöler K, Wiechert W, Oldiges M, von Lieres E (2016) Framework for Kriging-based iterative experimental analysis and design: optimization of secretory protein production in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Eng Life Sci 16(6):538–549. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201500171
Groisman EA, Hollands K, Kriner MA, Lee E-J, Park S-Y, Pontes MH (2013) Bacterial Mg2+ homeostasis, transport, and virulence. Annu Rev Genet 47:625–646. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-051313-051025
Gutmann M, Hoischen C, Krämer R (1992) Carrier-mediated glutamate secretion by Corynebacterium glutamicum under biotin limitation. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) Biomembr 1112(1):115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(92)90261-J
Hoffmann J, Altenbuchner J (2014) Hyaluronic acid production with Corynebacterium glutamicum: effect of media composition on yield and molecular weight. J Appl Microbiol 117(3):663–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12553
Jakoby M, Ngouoto-Nkili C-E, Burkovski A (1999) Construction and application of new Corynebacterium glutamicum vectors. Biotechnol Tech 13(6):437–441. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008968419217
Jordan M, Stettler M (2014) Tools for high-throughput process and medium optimization. Methods Mol Biol 1104:77–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-733-4_6
Karakaya A, Laleli Y, Takaš S (2012) Development of process conditions for biodegradation of raw olive mill wastewater by Rhodotorula glutinis. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 75:75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.09.005
Keilhauer C, Eggeling L, Sahm H (1993) Isoleucine synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum: molecular analysis of the ilvB-ilvN-ilvC operon. J Bacteriol 175(17):5595–5603. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.175.17.5595-5603.1993
Khan NS, Mishra IM, Singh R, Prasad B (2005) Modeling the growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum under product inhibition in l-glutamic acid fermentation. Biochem Eng J 25(2):173–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2005.01.025
Kim D, Langmead B, Salzberg SL (2015) HISAT: a fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements. Nat Methods 12(4):357–360. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3317
Kirchner O, Tauch A (2003) Tools for genetic engineering in the amino acid-producing bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Biotechnol 104(1–3):287–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1656(03)00148-2
Ko YJ, Joo YC, Hyeon JE, Lee E, Lee ME, Seok J, Kim SW, Park C, Han SO (2018) Biosynthesis of organic photosensitizer Zn-porphyrin by diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR)-mediated global upregulation of engineered heme biosynthesis pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Sci Rep 8(1):14460. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32854-9
Kogure T, Inui M (2018) Recent advances in metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for bioproduction of value-added aromatic chemicals and natural products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102(20):8685–8705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9289-6
Lee BH, Lee SB, Kim HS, Jeong KJ, Park JY, Park KM, Lee JW (2015) Whole cell bioconversion of ricinoleic acid to 12-ketooleic acid by recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum-based biocatalyst. J Microbiol Biotechnol 25(4):452–458. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1501.01001
Liebl W, Klamer R, Schleifer K-H (1989) Requirement of chelating compounds for the growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum in synthetic media. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 32(2):205–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00165889
Morschett H, Schiprowski D, Muller C, Mertens K, Felden P, Meyer J, Wiechert W, Oldiges M (2017) Design and validation of a parallelized micro-photobioreactor enabling phototrophic bioprocess development at elevated throughput. Biotechnol Bioeng 114(1):122–131. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26051
Pfeifer E, Gätgens C, Polen T, Frunzke J (2017) Adaptive laboratory evolution of Corynebacterium glutamicum towards higher growth rates on glucose minimal medium. Sci Rep 7(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17014-9
Robinson MD, McCarthy DJ, Smyth GK (2010) edgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data. Bioinformatics 26(1):139–140. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp616
Rohe P, Venkanna D, Kleine B, Freudl R, Oldiges M (2012) An automated workflow for enhancing microbial bioprocess optimization on a novel microbioreactor platform. Microb Cell Fact 11:144. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-11-144
Savizi ISP, Soudi T, Shojaosadati SA (2019) Systems biology approach in the formulation of chemically defined media for recombinant protein overproduction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103(20):8315–8326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10048-1
Singh V, Haque S, Niwas R, Srivastava A, Pasupuleti M, Tripathi CK (2016) Strategies for fermentation medium optimization: an in-depth review. Front Microbiol 7:2087. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02087
Sundstrom ER, Criddle CS (2015) Optimization of methanotrophic growth and production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in a high-throughput microbioreactor system. Appl Environ Microbiol 81(14):4767–4773. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00025-15
Unthan S, Grunberger A, van Ooyen J, Gatgens J, Heinrich J, Paczia N, Wiechert W, Kohlheyer D, Noack S (2014) Beyond growth rate 0.6: what drives Corynebacterium glutamicum to higher growth rates in defined medium. Biotechnol Bioeng 111(2):359–371. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.25103
Weuster-Botz D, Kelle R, Frantzen M, Wandrey C (1997) Substrate controlled fed-batch production of L-lysine with Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biotechnol Prog 13(4):387–393. https://doi.org/10.1021/bp970034j
Williams KM, Martin WE, Smith J, Williams BS, Garner BL (2012) Production of protocatechuic acid in Bacillus thuringiensis ATCC33679. Int J Mol Sci 13(3):3765–3772. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13033765
Yang P, Liu W, Cheng X, Wang J, Wang Q, Qi Q (2016) A new strategy for production of 5-aminolevulinic acid in recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum with high yield. Appl Environ Microbiol 82(9):2709–2717. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00224-16
Yu X, Jin H, Liu W, Wang Q, Qi Q (2015) Engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum to produce 5-aminolevulinic acid from glucose. Microb Cell Fact 14:183. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-015-0364-8
Acknowledgements
This work was funded by Grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800074), Nanhu Scholars Program for Young Scholars of XYNU and Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province (212102110447).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
PY and YNC performed all the laboratory experiments and drafted the paper. ADG designed the project, coordinated it, wrote and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest statement
No conflict of interest declared.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, P., Chen, Y. & Gong, Ad. Development of a defined medium for Corynebacterium glutamicum using urea as nitrogen source. 3 Biotech 11, 405 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-021-02959-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-021-02959-6